Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2002
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin.
60 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract readClinical TrialMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It reports registered trial NCT00004992. Cited by 6,567 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6,567citing papers in PubMed, 10 pooled it
252.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
6,567 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18,892 citations in OpenAlex.
- How is goal setting used in interventions for chronic disease prevention and management in sub-Saharan Africa? A systematic review and narrative synthesis.Global health action · 2026Pooled it
- Safety and Metabolism-Related Outcomes of Oral Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of pharmacological treatment and lifestyle modification on prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTS).Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2026Guideline
- Effectiveness of Smartphone Application-Based Interventions to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Individuals With Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs Assessing Efficacy of Lifestyle Interventions on Glycemic Control in South Asian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Intervening Early in the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: Expert Recommendations from the United Arab Emirates on the Management of Prediabetes.Vascular health and risk management · 2026Guideline
- Acute effects of "exercise snacks" on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in populations at metabolic risk: a meta-analysis with exploratory meta-regression and vascular outcomes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of the effects of exercise intervention on glucose metabolism and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of Nordic Walking on Anthropometrics, Glycemia, and Lipid Profile in Adults With Prediabetes or Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Pooled it
- Lifestyle intervention reduces type 2 diabetes incidence among young women with previous gestational diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.Chinese medical journal · 2026Trial
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- Intragastric Balloon Treatment Enhances Weight Maintenance Adjunct to Low-Energy Diet and Group-Based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
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- Trial
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- Data-driven cluster analysis of adults with prediabetes: Findings from the Japan diabetes prevention study.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Trial
- Effects of a structured exercise program on motivational outcomes in patients with colon cancer.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Trial
6,507 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
William C KnowlerDiabetes Prevention Program Coordinating Center, Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, 6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 750, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
Sarah E Fowler
Richard F Hamman
John M Lachin
Elizabeth A Walker
David M Nathan
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
The Coordinating Center · US
Funding
PRIMARY PREVENTION TRIAL--DATA COORDINATING CENTERU01DK048489 · GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · 1994 to 2005
$23.7MPrevention Of Type 2 Diabetes MellitusZ01DK069051 · DIABETES, DIGESTIVE, KIDNEY DISEASES · 1993 to 2005
–NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK048489
Abstract
backgroundType 2 diabetes affects approximately 8 percent of adults in the United States. Some risk factors--elevated plasma glucose concentrations in the fasting state and after an oral glucose load, overweight, and a sedentary lifestyle--are potentially reversible. We hypothesized that modifying these factors with a lifestyle-intervention program or the administration of metformin would prevent or delay the development of diabetes.
methodsWe randomly assigned 3234 nondiabetic persons with elevated fasting and post-load plasma glucose concentrations to placebo, metformin (850 mg twice daily), or a lifestyle-modification program with the goals of at least a 7 percent weight loss and at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week. The mean age of the participants was 51 years, and the mean body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) was 34.0; 68 percent were women, and 45 percent were members of minority groups.
resultsThe average follow-up was 2.8 years. The incidence of diabetes was 11.0, 7.8, and 4.8 cases per 100 person-years in the placebo, metformin, and lifestyle groups, respectively. The lifestyle intervention reduced the incidence by 58 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 48 to 66 percent) and metformin by 31 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 43 percent), as compared with placebo; the lifestyle intervention was significantly more effective than metformin. To prevent one case of diabetes during a period of three years, 6.9 persons would have to participate in the lifestyle-intervention program, and 13.9 would have to receive metformin.
conclusionsLifestyle changes and treatment with metformin both reduced the incidence of diabetes in persons at high risk. The lifestyle intervention was more effective than metformin.
Indexed as
ExerciseLife StyleWeight LossAdultBlood GlucoseBody Mass IndexDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Double-Blind MethodEnergy IntakeFemaleHumansHypoglycemic AgentsIncidenceMaleMetforminMiddle AgedBlood GlucoseHypoglycemic AgentsMetformin
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Texttitle and abstract
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT00004992ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00038727ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00105066ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03004612ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04271189ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06064669ClinicalTrials.gov
and 54 more above
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.