Trial reportDiabetes2002
Metformin increases AMP-activated protein kinase activity in skeletal muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Trial report in Diabetes, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 293 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Adaptive Study for Efficacy and Safety of Metformin Glycinate for the Treatment of Patients With MS and DM2, Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Secondary to SARS-CoV-2. Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase IIIb.
Gut-Brain-axis: Targets for Improvement of Cognition in the Elderly
Adaptive Study to Demonstrate Efficacy and Safety of Metformin Glycinate for the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Secondary to SARS-CoV-2. Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase IIIb
Who cites it
293 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 801 citations in OpenAlex.
- Do We Have Enough Evidence That Metformin Is Superior to Other Antidiabetic Drugs in Pancreatic Cancer Risk Reduction?International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- The relationship between the use of metformin and the risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC gastroenterology · 2023 · on this mapPooled it
- Trial
- Metformin upregulates mitophagy in patients with T2DM: A randomized placebo-controlled study.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2020Trial
- Metformin does not compromise energy status in human skeletal muscle at rest or during acute exercise: A randomised, crossover trial.Physiological reports · 2019Trial
- Trial
- The Influence of Energy Depletion by Metformin or Hypocaloric Diet on Thyroid Iodine Uptake in Healthy Volunteers: a Randomized Trial.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Metformin inhibits mitochondrial adaptations to aerobic exercise training in older adults.Aging cell · 2019Trial
- An integrative study identifies KCNC2 as a novel predisposing factor for childhood obesity and the risk of diabetes in the Korean population.Scientific reports · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Hyperglucagonemia Mitigates the Effect of Metformin on Glucose Production in Prediabetes.Cell reports · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Differential effects of metformin on breast cancer proliferation according to markers of insulin resistance and tumor subtype in a randomized presurgical trial.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2014Trial
- Metformin improves glucose effectiveness, not insulin sensitivity: predicting treatment response in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in an open-label, interventional study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2014Trial
- Research and application advances in real-time single-cell functional analysis.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Paeoniflorin: a natural candidate for the treatment of metabolic diseases.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Review
- The role of AMPK signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus with its complications and related metabolic disorders.Metabolism open · 2025Review
- Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Ancestry ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Novel mechanism whereby metformin improves glucose homeostasis: TXNIP-GLUT1 axis modulation enhances intestinal glucotonic effects.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Astaxanthin attenuates DNA fragmentation and cognitive decline in type 2 diabetic rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
233 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Metformin is an effective hypoglycemic drug that lowers blood glucose concentrations by decreasing hepatic glucose production and increasing glucose disposal in skeletal muscle; however, the molecular site of metformin action is not well understood. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity increases in response to depletion of cellular energy stores, and this enzyme has been implicated in the stimulation of glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and the inhibition of liver gluconeogenesis. We recently reported that AMPK is activated by metformin in cultured rat hepatocytes, mediating the inhibitory effects of the drug on hepatic glucose production. In the present study, we evaluated whether therapeutic doses of metformin increase AMPK activity in vivo in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Metformin treatment for 10 weeks significantly increased AMPK alpha2 activity in the skeletal muscle, and this was associated with increased phosphorylation of AMPK on Thr172 and decreased acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 activity. The increase in AMPK alpha2 activity was likely due to a change in muscle energy status because ATP and phosphocreatine concentrations were lower after metformin treatment. Metformin-induced increases in AMPK activity were associated with higher rates of glucose disposal and muscle glycogen concentrations. These findings suggest that the metabolic effects of metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes may be mediated by the activation of AMPK alpha2.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.