ArticleNature medicine2003
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is involved in learning and neuroprotection.
Article in Nature medicine, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 351 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Combination of Intranasal Insulin With Oral Semaglutide to Improve Cognition and Cerebral Blood Flow: a Feasibility Study
The Effect of GLP-1 on Glucose Uptake in the CNS and Heart in Healthy Subjects During Normoglycaemia Assessed by Positron Emission Tomografi
Neurodegenerative Changes in Alzheimer's Disease: Identifying Potential Effects of Liraglutide on Degenerative Changes
Long-acting Exenatide: a Tool to Stop Cognitive Decline in Dysglycemic Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment?
Who cites it
351 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 836 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research hotspots and trends of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on neurological complications of diabetes.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in experimental Alzheimer's disease models: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of hypoglycemic drugs in improving cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- evoke and evoke+: design of two large-scale, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies evaluating efficacy, safety, and tolerability of semaglutide in early-stage symptomatic Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Trial
- Inflammatory proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease reduced by a GLP1 receptor agonist: a post hoc analysis of the EXSCEL randomized placebo controlled trial.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Trial
- Activation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Ameliorates Cognitive Decline in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Through a Metabolism-Independent Pathway.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Trial
- MRI measures of hypothalamic injury are associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment response in people with hypothalamic obesity.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021Trial
- Liraglutide improves memory in obese patients with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled study.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2020Trial
- Short-term improvements in cognitive function following vertical sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en Y gastric bypass: a direct comparison study.Surgical endoscopy · 2020Trial
- A Pilot Study of Exenatide Actions in Alzheimer's Disease.Current Alzheimer research · 2019Trial
- Linagliptin, a Selective DPP-4 Inhibitor, Attenuates Ketamine- and Diazepam-Induced Deficits in Passive Avoidance Performance in Mice.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Semaglutide attenuates neuroinflammation in male mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Insulin and Incretin Receptor Agonists Reciprocally Alter Their Blood-Brain Barrier Permeabilities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Peptide-Incorporated Biomaterials Promote Regeneration of Peripheral Nerve Injuries.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- GLP-1 at the Metabolic-Cognitive Interface: Reward, Affect, and Memory.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Review
- Unravelling the novel insights between miR-7 and Parkinson's disease (PD).Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- In vivo functional profiling and structural characterization of the humanScience advances · 2026Article
- Repurposing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.Nature aging · 2026Review
- Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists as emerging therapeutics in bipolar disorder: a narrative review of preclinical and clinical evidence.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
291 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut peptide that, together with its receptor, GLP-1R, is expressed in the brain. Here we show that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) GLP-1 and [Ser(2)]exendin(1-9) (HSEGTFTSD; homologous to a conserved domain in the glucagon/GLP-1 family) enhance associative and spatial learning through GLP-1R. [Ser(2)]exendin(1-9), but not GLP-1, is also active when administered peripherally. GLP-1R-deficient mice have a phenotype characterized by a learning deficit that is restored after hippocampal Glp1r gene transfer. In addition, rats overexpressing GLP-1R in the hippocampus show improved learning and memory. GLP-1R-deficient mice also have enhanced seizure severity and neuronal injury after kainate administration, with an intermediate phenotype in heterozygotes and phenotypic correction after Glp1r gene transfer in hippocampal somatic cells. Systemic administration of [Ser(2)]exendin(1-9) in wild-type animals prevents kainate-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Brain GLP-1R represents a promising new target for both cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective agents.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.