ArticleLancet (London, England)1992
Role of glucose and insulin resistance in development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: results of a 25-year follow-up study.
Article in Lancet (London, England), 1992. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 320 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of a Quadruple Therapy on Pancreatic Islet Function, Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Function in Patients With Mixed Prediabetes and Obesity: Randomized Clinical Trial
An Exploratory Study of the Effects of Oral Vitamin C Administration on Insulin Sensitivity and Vascular Reactivity in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Who cites it
320 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,169 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between handgrip strength and metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Metformin treatment in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2020 · on this mapPooled it
- The association between circulating fetuin-A levels and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2018Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of HD-6277, a Novel G Protein-Coupled Receptor 40 Agonist, in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Phase 2 Clinical Trial.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Trial
- Impact of Parental or First-Degree Family History of Diabetes on Diabetes Incidence and Progression During Long-term Follow-up in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.Diabetes care · 2025 · on this mapTrial
- Impact of pemafibrate on lipid profile and insulin resistance in hypertriglyceridemic patients with coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome.Heart and vessels · 2024Trial
- Triglyceride and Glucose Index and Sex Differences in Relation to Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Hypertensive Patients Without Diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Trial
- Curcumin and/or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation reduces insulin resistance and blood lipids in individuals with high risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.Lipids in health and disease · 2019Trial
- Effects of a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α modulator, pemafibrate, on hepatic and peripheral glucose uptake in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2018Trial
- Metabolic Effects of Betaine: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Betaine Supplementation in Prediabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2018Trial
- Pressure To Be Thin and Insulin Sensitivity Among Adolescents.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2016Trial
- A novel hierarchal-based approach to measure insulin sensitivity and secretion in at-risk populations.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2014Trial
- Trial
- Dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/δ agonist GFT505 improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in abdominally obese subjects.Diabetes care · 2013Trial
- Nasal insulin changes peripheral insulin sensitivity simultaneously with altered activity in homeostatic and reward-related human brain regions.Diabetologia · 2012Trial
- Investigation of the association between MSR1 serum levels and type 2 diabetes: a preliminary study.Irish journal of medical science · 2025Article
- Insulin resistance and the risk of incident depression: the role of age, glycemic status, and adiposity in a prospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Association Between Blood Glucose and Body Mass Index With Dietary Diversity and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study on Marma Tribes of Bandarban in Bangladesh.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Skeletal muscle and MASLD: Mechanistic and clinical insights.Hepatology communications · 2025Review
- PFKFB3 Connects Glycolytic Metabolism with Endothelial Dysfunction in Human and Rodent Obesity.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
260 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterised by resistance of peripheral tissues to insulin and a relative deficiency of insulin secretion. To find out which is the earliest or primary determinant of disease, we used a minimum model of glucose disposal and insulin secretion based on intravenous glucose tolerance tests to estimate insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness (ie, insulin-independent glucose removal rate, SG), and first-phase and second-phase beta-cell responsiveness in normoglycaemic offspring of couples who both had type 2 diabetes. 155 subjects from 86 families were followed-up for 6-25 years. More than 10 years before the development of diabetes, subjects who developed the disease had lower values of both SI (mean 3.2 [SD 2.4] vs 8.1 [6.7] 10(-3) I min-1 pmol-1 insulin; p < 0.0001) and SG (1.6 [0.9] vs 2.3 [1.2] 10(-2) min-1, p < 0.0001) than did those who remained normoglycaemic). For the subjects with both SI and SG below the group median, the cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes during the 25 years was 76% (95% confidence interval 54-99). By contrast, no subject with both SI and SG above the median developed the disease. Subjects with low SI/high SG or high SI/low SG had intermediate risks. Insulin secretion, especially first phase, tended to be increased rather than decreased in this prediabetic phase and was appropriate for the level of insulin resistance. The development of type 2 diabetes is preceded by and predicted by defects in both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent glucose uptake; the defects are detectable when the patients are normoglycaemic and in most cases more than a decade before diagnosis of disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.