ArticleJAMA2006
Incidence, causes, and outcomes of dilated cardiomyopathy in children.
Article in JAMA, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 405 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Dose Rationale for Dapagliflozin and Empagliflozin in Paediatric Heart Failure: a Phase II.a Pharmacokinetics, Ease-of-swallow, Safety and Proof-of-concept Study Among Children 6-18 Years of Age
Association of Insulin Resistance and FGF21 on Cardiac Function in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Acute Myocarditis Registry With Prognostic, Histologic, Immunologic, Biological, Imaging and Clinical Assessment
Repurposing Empagliflozin for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Associated Cardiomyopathy: a Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Proof-of-concept Study Among Children 6-18 Years of Age
Who cites it
405 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,030 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin and steroids in acute myocarditis in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Pediatric research · 2026Pooled it
- Immunosuppressive therapy in patients with biopsy-proven inflammatory myocardial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Stem cell therapy for non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guideline on Myocarditis - 2022.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2022Guideline
- The prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in myocarditis and clinically suspected myocarditis: systematic review and meta-analysis.European radiology · 2020Pooled it
- Pathogenic Variants Associated With Dilated Cardiomyopathy Predict Outcome in Pediatric Myocarditis.Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine · 2021Trial
- Safety and Tolerability of Chronic Carvedilol in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Report from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- A Slc5a6-deficient mouse model reveals metabolically driven cardiomyopathy with therapeutic potential for vitamin-based intervention.JCI insight · 2026Article
- ALPK3 regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the Notch1 signaling pathway.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Article
- Pulmonary artery banding in pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes and ventricular remodeling.JTCVS open · 2026Article
- Cardiac resynchronization therapy and pulmonary artery banding in advanced heart failure infants with left ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle branch block.Pediatric investigation · 2026Article
- Patient Characteristics Associated with 30-Day Readmission to a Pediatric Cardiac Center.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
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- Article
- Fetal cardiomyopathy secondary to infiltrative cardiac fibroma.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Global epidemiology of myocarditis: disparities in age, sex and geography.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Circulating miRNA-Protein Signatures Predict Outcomes in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options in Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy.Biomedicines · 2026Review
345 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common form of cardiomyopathy and cause of cardiac transplantation in children. However, the epidemiology and clinical course of DCM in children are not well established.
objectiveTo provide a detailed description of the incidence, causes, outcomes, and related risk factors for DCM in children. DESIGN AND
settingLongitudinal study based on a population-based, prospective cohort of children diagnosed as having DCM since January 1, 1996, at 89 pediatric cardiac centers and a retrospectively collected cohort of patients seen primarily at large tertiary care centers in North America and who had diagnoses between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1995, and were enrolled through February 2003.
participantsA total of 1426 children from the United States and Canada diagnosed as having DCM at younger than 18 years. Primary DCM was determined by strict echocardiographic and/or pathologic criteria. Patients with disease due to endocrine, immunologic, drug toxicity, and other causes were excluded.
main outcome measuresAnnual incidence per 100,000 children; mortality; cardiac transplantation.
resultsThe annual incidence of DCM in children younger than 18 years was 0.57 cases per 100,000 per year overall. The annual incidence was higher in boys than in girls (0.66 vs 0.47 cases per 100,000; P<.001), in blacks than in whites (0.98 vs 0.46 cases per 100,000; P<.001), and in infants (<1 year) than in children (4.40 vs 0.34 cases per 100,000; P<.001). The majority of children (66%) had idiopathic disease. The most common known causes were myocarditis (46%) and neuromuscular disease (26%). The 1- and 5-year rates of death or transplantation were 31% and 46%, respectively. Independent risk factors at DCM diagnosis for subsequent death or transplantation were older age, congestive heart failure, lower left ventricular fractional shortening Z score, and cause of DCM (P<.001 for all).
conclusionsIn children, DCM is a diverse disorder with outcomes that depend largely on cause, age, and heart failure status at presentation. Race, sex, and age affect the incidence of disease. Most children do not have a known cause of DCM, which limits the potential for disease-specific therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.