ArticleArchives of internal medicine2008
National trends in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1994-2007.
Article in Archives of internal medicine, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 84 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Safety and Efficacy of Metformin Glycinate vs Metformin Hydrochloride on Metabolic Control and Inflammatory Mediators in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Efficacy and Safety of Metformin Glycinate Compared to Metformin Hydrochloride on the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes
Group Medical Visits (GMVs) in Primary Care: An RCT of Group-Based Versus Individual Appointments to Reduce HbA1c in Older People
The TELE-DD Project: a Nurse-led Randomised Controlled Trial on Treatment Adherence in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Comorbid Depression
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Safety and Efficacy of Using Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Pooled it
- Metformin use and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of cohort studies.Medicine · 2019 · on this mapPooled it
- Short-acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin for adult, non-pregnant persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Quantifying the effect of metformin treatment and dose on glycemic control.Diabetes care · 2012Pooled it
- Process evaluation of team-based care in people aged >65 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus.BMJ open · 2019Trial
- Group Medical Visits (GMVs) in primary care: an RCT of group-based versus individual appointments to reduce HbA1c in older people.BMJ open · 2015Trial
- Rationale and design of the glycemia reduction approaches in diabetes: a comparative effectiveness study (GRADE).Diabetes care · 2013 · on this mapTrial
- A novel approach to quality improvement in a safety-net practice: concurrent peer review visits.Journal of the National Medical Association · 2010Trial
- Trends in diabetes medication use and prevalence of geriatric syndromes in older Mexican Americans from 1993/1994 to 2004/2005.The Annals of pharmacotherapy · 2010Trial
- Antidiabetic prescribing patterns, quality, and economic influence in resource-limited settings: evidence from a Pakistani tertiary care hospital using WHO/INRUD indicators.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- The metformin administration on pancreatic tissue damage in metastatic rat prostate cancer and STZ induced diabetes model.Journal of molecular histology · 2025Article
- Metformin in gestational diabetes: physiological actions and clinical applications.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Allele frequencies and genotype distribution of three metformin transporter polymorphisms in Mexican population and their application in pharmacogenomics of type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- The Risk Factors of Severe Hypoglycemia in Older Patients with Dementia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Digit Preference in Office Blood Pressure Measurements, United States 2015-2019.American journal of hypertension · 2021Article
- Temporal Trends in Heart Failure Incidence Among Medicare Beneficiaries Across Risk Factor Strata, 2011 to 2016.JAMA network open · 2020Article
- Trends in Diabetes Management Among US Adults: 1999-2016.Journal of general internal medicine · 2020Article
- The trials and tribulations of the University Group Diabetes Program 2: lessons and reflections.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · 2019Review
- Diet quality trends among adults with diabetes by socioeconomic status in the U.S.: 1999-2014.BMC endocrine disorders · 2019Article
- Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor use and risk of lower-extremity amputation: Evolving questions, evolving answers.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2019Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDiabetes mellitus is common, costly, and increasingly prevalent. Despite innovations in therapy, little is known about patterns and costs of drug treatment.
methodsWe used the National Disease and Therapeutic Index to analyze medications prescribed between 1994 and 2007 for all US office visits among patients 35 years and older with type 2 diabetes. We used the National Prescription Audit to assess medication costs between 2001 and 2007.
resultsThe estimated number of patient visits for treated diabetes increased from 25 million (95% confidence interval [CI], 23 million to 27 million) in 1994 to 36 million (95% CI, 34 million to 38 million) by 2007. The mean number of diabetes medications per treated patient increased from 1.14 (95% CI, 1.06-1.22) in 1994 to 1.63 (1.54-1.72) in 2007. Monotherapy declined from 82% (95% CI, 75%-89%) of visits during which a treatment was used in 1994 to 47% (43%-51%) in 2007. Insulin use decreased from 38% of treatment visits in 1994 to a nadir of 25% in 2000 and then increased to 28% in 2007. Sulfonylurea use decreased from 67% of treatment visits in 1994 to 34% in 2007. By 2007, biguanides (54% of treatment visits) and glitazones (thiazolidinediones) (28%) were leading therapeutic classes. Increasing use of glitazones, newer insulins, sitagliptin phosphate, and exenatide largely accounted for recent increases in the mean cost per prescription ($56 in 2001 to $76 in 2007) and aggregate drug expenditures ($6.7 billion in 2001 to $12.5 billion in 2007).
conclusionsIncreasingly complex and costly diabetes treatments are being applied to an increasing population. The magnitude of these rapid changes raises concerns about whether these more costly therapies will result in proportionately improved outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.