Trial reportLipids2009
Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet.
Trial report in Lipids, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 182 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Red Palm Olein and Cardiovascular Health
Dietary Intervention in Type-2 Diabetics and Pre-Diabetics Emphasizing Personalized Carbohydrate Intake
The Effects of Palm Oil Consumed Under Different Macronutrient Distributions on Circulating Lipoprotein and Fatty Acid Profiles
Who cites it
182 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 397 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of energy-matched low- versus high-carbohydrate diets on glycaemic control, lipid profile, and body composition in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.European journal of nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Impact of other macronutrient composition within high-protein diet on body composition and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review, pairwise, and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Pooled it
- Network meta-analysis of the effects of different dietary patterns on patients with metabolic syndrome.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Symptoms during initiation of a ketogenic diet: a scoping review of occurrence rates, mechanisms and relief strategies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Low-carbohydrate versus balanced-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets on Psychosocial Outcomes in Obesity/Overweight: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Studies.Nutrients · 2016Pooled it
- Dietary Intervention for Overweight and Obese Adults: Comparison of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets. A Meta-Analysis.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- Dietary magnesium intake and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2014Pooled it
- The effect of a short-term ketogenic diet on exercise efficiency during graded exercise in healthy adults.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2023Trial
- RESET-PKD: a pilot trial on short-term ketogenic interventions in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Continuous care intervention with carbohydrate restriction improves physical function of the knees among patients with type 2 diabetes: a non-randomized study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2022Trial
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- The effect of periodic ketogenic diet on newly diagnosed overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes.BMC endocrine disorders · 2022Trial
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122 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We recently proposed that the biological markers improved by carbohydrate restriction were precisely those that define the metabolic syndrome (MetS), and that the common thread was regulation of insulin as a control element. We specifically tested the idea with a 12-week study comparing two hypocaloric diets (approximately 1,500 kcal): a carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD) (%carbohydrate:fat:protein = 12:59:28) and a low-fat diet (LFD) (56:24:20) in 40 subjects with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Both interventions led to improvements in several metabolic markers, but subjects following the CRD had consistently reduced glucose (-12%) and insulin (-50%) concentrations, insulin sensitivity (-55%), weight loss (-10%), decreased adiposity (-14%), and more favorable triacylglycerol (TAG) (-51%), HDL-C (13%) and total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio (-14%) responses. In addition to these markers for MetS, the CRD subjects showed more favorable responses to alternative indicators of cardiovascular risk: postprandial lipemia (-47%), the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio (-16%), and LDL particle distribution. Despite a threefold higher intake of dietary saturated fat during the CRD, saturated fatty acids in TAG and cholesteryl ester were significantly decreased, as was palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), an endogenous marker of lipogenesis, compared to subjects consuming the LFD. Serum retinol binding protein 4 has been linked to insulin-resistant states, and only the CRD decreased this marker (-20%). The findings provide support for unifying the disparate markers of MetS and for the proposed intimate connection with dietary carbohydrate. The results support the use of dietary carbohydrate restriction as an effective approach to improve features of MetS and cardiovascular risk.
Indexed as
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.