Trial reportDiabetes care2009
Relationship between baseline glycemic control and cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors: the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes-memory in diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) trial.
Trial report in Diabetes care, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 189 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
189 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Carbohydrates for improving the cognitive performance of independent-living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2011Pooled it
- Association of Baseline Factors With Glycemic Outcomes in GRADE: A Comparative Effectiveness Randomized Clinical Trial.Diabetes care · 2024 · on this mapTrial
- Type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment in an older population with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome: baseline cross-sectional analysis of the PREDIMED-plus study.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- Brain and White Matter Hyperintensity Volumes After 10 Years of Random Assignment to Lifestyle Intervention.Diabetes care · 2016Trial
- Glycemia and cognitive function in metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease.The American journal of medicine · 2015Trial
- Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): a randomised open-label substudy.The Lancet. Neurology · 2011 · on this mapTrial
- Cognitive function and fine motor speed in older women with diabetes mellitus: results from the women's health initiative study of cognitive aging.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2011Trial
- Rosiglitazone and cognitive stability in older individuals with type 2 diabetes and mild cognitive impairment.Diabetes care · 2010 · on this mapTrial
- Trial
- Effect of thiazolidinediones and insulin on cognitive outcomes in ACCORD-MIND.Journal of diabetes and its complicationsTrial
- RNA gene expression and cognitive reserve as determinants of post-ischaemic stroke cognitive recovery.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association of estimated pulse wave velocity and metabolic markers with cognitive impairment risk in diabetes : Exploring cognitive impairment risks in diabetic patients.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Effect of a nursing-based information-motivation-behavioral model on older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Sentinel factors for mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus and their interaction mechanisms: a narrative review with network analysis perspective.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- The diabetic retina-brain axis hypothesis in diabetic cognitive impairment: from pathophysiological mechanisms to therapeutic implications.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- The impact of type 2 diabetes on aging: multidimensional approaches to preserve cognitive health.Acta diabetologica · 2025Review
- The Cognitive Changes Among Patients over 65 Years of Age in a Rural Area-The Preliminary Report of Protective and Predisposing Factors.Neurology international · 2025Article
- Impact of national reimbursement policy supporting test strips on glycemic control in people with insulin-treated diabetes: retrospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- IL7RBrain and behavior · 2025Article
- Serum moesin is associated with cognitive impairment and glucose fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
129 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveDiabetes is associated with cognitive decline and dementia. However, the relationship between the degree of hyperglycemia and cognitive status remains unclear. This was explored using baseline cognitive measures collected in the ongoing Memory in Diabetes (MIND) substudy of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThe relationship of A1C and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels to performance on four cognitive tests was assessed, adjusting for age and other determinants of cognitive status. The tests were the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop Test.
resultsA statistically significant age-adjusted association was observed between the A1C level and the score on all four cognitive tests. Specifically, a 1% higher A1C value was associated with a significant 1.75-point lower DSST score (95% CI -1.22 to -2.28; P < 0.0001), a 0.20-point lower MMSE score (-0.11 to -0.28; P < 0.0001), a 0.11-point lower memory score (-0.02 to -0.19, P = 0.0142), and a worse score (i.e., 0.75 s more) on the Stroop Test (1.31-0.19, P = 0.0094). The association between the DSST score and A1C persisted in all multiple linear regression models. FPG was not associated with test performance.
conclusionsHigher A1C levels are associated with lower cognitive function in individuals with diabetes. The effect of glucose lowering on cognitive function will be determined by the ongoing ACCORD-MIND trial.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.