ReviewDiabetologia2009
The vascular actions of insulin control its delivery to muscle and regulate the rate-limiting step in skeletal muscle insulin action.
Review in Diabetologia, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 6 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 152 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Metformin on Insulin Sensitivity and Pan-Arterial Vascular Function in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome
Effect of Exercise and/or Liraglutide on Vascular Dysfunction and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes ( ZQL007)
The Effect of Type 1 Diabetes on Pan-Arterial Vascular Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Humans
Is Microvascular Dysfunction an Early Phenomenon in the Development of Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance? A Dietary Intervention Study in Healthy Men
The Impact of Fitness and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade on Vascular Dysfunction in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Impact of Acute Exercise on Vascular Insulin Sensitivity in Metabolic Syndrome
Who cites it
152 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 315 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes Is Accompanied by an Impairment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Function: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Beneficial vascular effects of oral phosphatidylserine supplementation in type 2 diabetes.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Trial
- Effects of GLP-1 Infusion Upon Whole-body Glucose Uptake and Skeletal Muscle Perfusion During Fed-state in Older Men.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Trial
- Supplemental Watermelon Juice Attenuates Acute Hyperglycemia-Induced Macro-and Microvascular Dysfunction in Healthy Adults.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- Insulin-mediated muscle microvascular perfusion and its phenotypic predictors in humans.Scientific reports · 2021 · on this mapTrial
- Vasodilatory Actions of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Are Preserved in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Microvasculature but Not in Conduit Artery in Obese Humans With Vascular Insulin Resistance.Diabetes care · 2020 · on this mapTrial
- Acute interaction between oral glucose (75 g as Lucozade) and inorganic nitrate: Decreased insulin clearance, but lack of blood pressure-lowering.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2019Trial
- Impact of Short-Term Continuous and Interval Exercise Training on Endothelial Function and Glucose Metabolism in Prediabetes.Journal of diabetes research · 2019Trial
- Supplemental Oxygen Improves In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Flux in Sedentary Obese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes · 2018Trial
- Vinegar Consumption Increases Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake by the Forearm Muscle in Humans with Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of diabetes research · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Early microvascular recruitment modulates subsequent insulin-mediated skeletal muscle glucose metabolism during lipid infusion.Diabetes care · 2013 · on this mapTrial
- Candesartan acutely recruits skeletal and cardiac muscle microvasculature in healthy humans.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2012Trial
- Microvascular perfusion and intramuscular temperature of the calf during cooling.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2012Trial
- Free fatty acids induce insulin resistance in both cardiac and skeletal muscle microvasculature in humans.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2011 · on this mapTrial
- Article
- Palmitoylation calibrates mitochondrial transport of insulin across the endothelium in insulin resistance.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Waist-to-height ratio and renal dysfunction as independent correlates of low handgrip strength in patients with type 2 diabetes.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Article
- Impact of Insulin-Induced Relative Hypoglycemia on Vascular Insulin Sensitivity and Central Hemodynamics in Prediabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
92 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Evidence suggests that insulin delivery to skeletal muscle interstitium is the rate-limiting step in insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake and that this process is impaired by insulin resistance. In this review we examine the basis for the hypothesis that insulin acts on the vasculature at three discrete steps to enhance its own delivery to muscle: (1) relaxation of resistance vessels to increase total blood flow; (2) relaxation of pre-capillary arterioles to increase the microvascular exchange surface perfused within skeletal muscle (microvascular recruitment); and (3) the trans-endothelial transport (TET) of insulin. Insulin can relax resistance vessels and increase blood flow to skeletal muscle. However, there is controversy as to whether this occurs at physiological concentrations of, and exposure times to, insulin. The microvasculature is recruited more quickly and at lower insulin concentrations than are needed to increase total blood flow, a finding consistent with a physiological role for insulin in muscle insulin delivery. Microvascular recruitment is impaired by obesity, diabetes and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Insulin TET is a third potential site for regulating insulin delivery. This is underscored by the consistent finding that steady-state insulin concentrations in plasma are approximately twice those in muscle interstitium. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that insulin traverses the vascular endothelium via a trans-cellular, receptor-mediated pathway, and emerging data indicate that insulin acts on the endothelium to facilitate its own TET. Thus, muscle insulin delivery, which is rate-limiting for its metabolic action, is itself regulated by insulin at multiple steps. These findings highlight the need to further understand the role of the vascular actions of insulin in metabolic regulation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.