SynthesisLancet (London, England)2009
Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Lancet (London, England), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 8 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,549 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effectiveness Study of a Lifestyle Intervention Versus Metformin in Mothers With Recent Gestational Diabetes
Effect Of Individual Exercise Prescription On Cardiovascular Risk Factors In Woman At Risk For Gestational Diabetes - Focus On Autonomic Nervous System And Inflammation
Effects of a Web/Smartphone-based Lifestyle Coaching Program on Gestational Weight Gain in Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes
A Culturally-tailored Personalized Nutrition Intervention in South Asian Women at Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
The Effect of Sleep Extension on Glucose Metabolism in Women With Previous Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes
Effect of Incentives for Self-weighing, Weight Management Goals and Physical Activity Goals on Gaining Weight Healthily During Pregnancy
Evaluation of the Relationship Between Age at Menarche and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Postpartum Glycemia in Women At Risk for Persistent Hyperglycemia
Who cites it
1,549 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 3,222 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal macronutrient intake and gestational diabetes: systematic review of prospective observational studies and dose-response meta-analyses.BMC medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The triglyceride glucose-body mass index and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Early pregnancy biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus prediction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of routine laboratory, metabolic, and inflammatory markers.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Association between the null polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Prediction Models for Maternal and Offspring Short- and Long-Term Outcomes Following Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Trimester-Specific Serum Lipid Profiles in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- Effective Interventions for Homebound Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.Current diabetes reports · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- User Experience of a Web-Based Mobile Health App Supporting Low-Income Pregnant Individuals With Diabetes: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR human factors · 2026Trial
- Diabetes Testing Immediately Postpartum After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Trial
- Effect of a postpartum lifestyle intervention among rural women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus from different socioeconomic backgrounds: evidence from a randomized controlled trial in rural China.BMC public health · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Diet on Postprandial Glucose and Pregnancy Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Cost effectiveness of early metformin in addition to usual care in the reduction of gestational diabetes mellitus effects (EMERGE)-A randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Trial
- Role of adiponectin in gestational diabetes mellitus: advances in mechanistic insights and early predictive potential.Adipocyte · 2026Review
- A three-metabolite microbiota-associated signature for early risk stratification of gestational diabetes mellitus.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Brain responses to food cue viewing in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis Identifies Key Molecular Targets Linking Bisphenol A Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Article
- Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Health-Related Social Needs Among Parous Women.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- The Gestational Diabetes Antenatal Milk Expression (GAME) trial: effects on breastfeeding outcomes and maternal mental health-A randomised controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
1,489 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWomen with gestational diabetes are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but the risk and time of onset have not been fully quantified. We therefore did a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the strength of association between these conditions and the effect of factors that might modify the risk.
methodsWe identified cohort studies in which women who had developed type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes were followed up between Jan 1, 1960, and Jan 31, 2009, from Embase and Medline. 205 relevant reports were hand searched. We selected 20 studies that included 675 455 women and 10 859 type 2 diabetic events. We calculated and pooled unadjusted relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs for each study using a random-effects model. Subgroups analysed were the number of cases of type 2 diabetes, ethnic origin, duration of follow-up, maternal age, body-mass index, and diagnostic criteria.
findingsWomen with gestational diabetes had an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with those who had a normoglycaemic pregnancy (RR 7.43, 95% CI 4.79-11.51). Although the largest study (659 164 women; 9502 cases of type 2 diabetes) had the largest RR (12.6, 95% CI 12.15-13.19), RRs were generally consistent among the subgroups assessed.
interpretationIncreased awareness of the magnitude and timing of the risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes among patients and clinicians could provide an opportunity to test and use dietary, lifestyle, and pharmacological interventions that might prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in affected women.
fundingNone.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.