ArticleDrug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals2010
Pharmacokinetics of metformin during pregnancy.
Article in Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 204 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal-to-Infant Transfer of Medications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Via Breastmilk: A Systematic Review of Available Evidence and Clinical Guidelines.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Pooled it
- Fetal and post-natal outcomes in offspring after intrauterine metformin exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal experiments.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of pregnancy-related clinical intervention of drug regimens due to pharmacokinetic reasons.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2022Guideline
- Pooled it
- Neonatal, infant, and childhood growth following metformin versus insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Gestation-Specific Changes in the Anatomy and Physiology of Healthy Pregnant Women: An Extended Repository of Model Parameters for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Pregnancy.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2017Pooled it
- Pregnancy-Associated Changes in Pharmacokinetics: A Systematic Review.PLoS medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Pharmacodynamics of Glyburide, Metformin, and Glyburide/Metformin Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2020 · on this mapTrial
- Pharmacodynamics of Metformin in Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Nonpregnant Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020 · on this mapTrial
- Effects of Pregnancy on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2020 · on this mapTrial
- Limited sampling strategy for determining metformin area under the plasma concentration-time curve.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2016Trial
- Hyperandrogenemia Induces Trophoblast Ferroptosis and Early Pregnancy Loss in Patients With PCOS via CMA-Dependent FTH1 Degradation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Comparison of Metformin PBPK Models Incorporating Placental Transfer to Predict Fetal and Maternal Exposure.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Article
- Foetal Metformin Exposure, Childhood Adiposity and Future Cardiovascular Risk: Can We Connect the Dots?TouchREVIEWS in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Single-cell-level digital twins for preterm birth prevention strategies.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Predicting Drug Transfer Into Human Milk With the Simcyp Simulator: A Contribution From the ConcePTION Project.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2025Article
- The Effects of Maternal Endocrinopathies and Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors During Pregnancy on the Fetus and Newborn.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Predictors of small-for-gestational-age infants in gestational diabetes mellitus: the impact of metformin use.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Article
- Long-term effects of metformin on offspring health: A review of current evidence and future directions.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of metformin during pregnancy. Serial blood and urine samples were collected over one steady-state dosing interval in women treated with metformin during early to late pregnancy (n = 35) and postpartum (n = 16). Maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were obtained at delivery from 12 women. Metformin concentrations were also determined in breast milk samples obtained over one dosing interval in 6 women. Metformin renal clearance increased significantly in mid (723 +/- 243 ml/min, P < 0.01) and late pregnancy (625 +/- 130 ml/min, P < 0.01) compared with postpartum (477 +/- 132 ml/min). These changes reflected significant increases in creatinine clearance (240 +/- 70 ml/min, P < 0.01 and 207 +/- 56 ml/min, P < 0.05 versus 165 +/- 44 ml/min) and in metformin net secretion clearance (480 +/- 190 ml/min, P < 0.01 and 419 +/- 78 ml/min, P < 0.01 versus 313 +/- 98 ml/min) in mid and late pregnancy versus postpartum, respectively. Metformin concentrations at the time of delivery in umbilical cord plasma ranged between nondetectable (<5 ng/ml) and 1263 ng/ml. The daily infant intake of metformin through breast milk was 0.13 to 0.28 mg, and the relative infant dose was <0.5% of the mother's weight-adjusted dose. Our results indicate that metformin pharmacokinetics are affected by pregnancy-related changes in renal filtration and net tubular transport and can be roughly estimated by the use of creatinine clearance. At the time of delivery, the fetus is exposed to metformin concentrations from negligible to as high as maternal concentrations. In contrast, infant exposure to metformin through the breast milk is low.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.