SynthesisPharmacology2010
A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of incretin-based medications in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Synthesis in Pharmacology, 2010. The graph read 2 numbers from its abstract, feeding 2 cells of the map, but none could be read as for or against, so it casts no vote. It also reports 2 associations that do not count as treatment evidence, such as RR 2.56 (1.23 to 5.33) for quality of life & behaviour. It is linked to trial NCT06894784 (Semaglutide And Empagliflozin Combination Therapy Added To Automated Insulin Delivery In Adults With Type 1 Diabetes), which is not on this map. Cited by 42 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
Read, but not usablea number the graph found but could not read as for or against
The number of patient-reported hypoglycemic episodes was statistically significantly associated with the use of sitagliptin (RR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.23-5.33, p = 0.01) and exenatide (RR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.30-4.11, p = 0.002).
The number of patient-reported hypoglycemic episodes was statistically significantly associated with the use of sitagliptin (RR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.23-5.33, p = 0.01) and exenatide (RR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.30-4.11, p = 0.002).
clause the extractor read what became the number
Where it lands on the map
Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.
What it adds to each cell
For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.
DPP-4 inhibitors×quality of life & behaviour
No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →1 readable study in this cell: 0 favour the treatment, 1 find no difference, 0 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
GLP-1 receptor agonists×quality of life & behaviour
No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →14 readable studies in this cell: 4 favour the treatment, 6 find no difference, 4 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Semaglutide And Empagliflozin Combination Therapy Added To Automated Insulin Delivery In Adults With Type 1 Diabetes (SEMPA)
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy, safety and impact on β-cell function of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors plus metformin combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and the difference between Asians and Caucasians: a meta-analysis.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2016Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Randomized trial of continuous subcutaneous delivery of exenatide by ITCA 650 versus twice-daily exenatide injections in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes.Diabetes care · 2013 · on this mapTrial
- Comparison of vildagliptin twice daily vs. sitagliptin once daily using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM): crossover pilot study (J-VICTORIA study).Cardiovascular diabetology · 2012Trial
- Effects of diet soda on gut hormones in youths with diabetes.Diabetes care · 2012Trial
- Association of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and recurrent pancreatitis risk among patients with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Trends in baseline HbA1c and body-mass index in randomised placebo-controlled trials of type 2 diabetes from 1987 to 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- DPP-4 inhibitors for treating T2DM - hype or hope? an analysis based on the current literature.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Review
- Diabetes: how to manage overweight and obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Drugs in context · 2022Review
- Risk of any hypoglycaemia with newer antihyperglycaemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2020Article
- Review
- Exenatide Add-on to Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Therapy Reduces Bolus Insulin Doses in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label Trial.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2017Article
- Uncertainties around incretin-based therapies: A literature review.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2017Review
- Incretin-Based Therapy and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2016Article
- Cardiovascular effects of anti-diabetes drugs.Expert opinion on drug safety · 2016Review
- Reporting of Sex Effects by Systematic Reviews on Interventions for Depression, Diabetes, and Chronic Pain.Annals of internal medicine · 2016Article
- A review of glycemic efficacy of liraglutide once daily in achieving glycated hemoglobin targets compared with exenatide twice daily, or sitagliptin once daily in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.Saudi medical journal · 2016Review
- Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Utilizing Data from the Exenatide Clinical Trial Development Program.Current diabetes reports · 2016Review
- Hippocampal insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2015Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.
aimsA systematic review of the literature, in combination with a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing treatments with placebo, was conducted to provide an update on the clinical efficacy and safety of incretin-based medications in adult patients with type 2 diabetes.
methodsA literature search (2000-2009) identified 38 placebo-controlled trials (phase II or later - parallel design) comparing exenatide (n = 8), liraglutide (n = 7), vildagliptin (n = 11) and sitagliptin (n = 12) with placebo. Outcomes were change from baseline in HbA(1c) and in weight, and the number of patient-reported hypoglycemic episodes. HbA(1c) and weight outcomes were analyzed as weighted mean differences (WMD), and the number of hypoglycemic episodes as relative risks (RR).
resultsPatients receiving liraglutide showed greater reduction in HbA(1c) in comparison to placebo (WMD = -1.03, 95% confidence interval, CI = -1.16 to -0.90, p < 0.001) than those on sitagliptin (WMD = -0.79, 95% CI = -0.93 to -0.65, p < 0.001), exenatide (WMD = -0.75, 95% CI = -0.83 to -0.67, p < 0.001) or vildagliptin (WMD = -0.67, 95% CI = -0.83 to -0.52, p < 0.001). Weight was statistically significantly negatively associated with exenatide (WMD = -1.10, 95% CI = -1.32 to -0.87, p < 0.001) and positively associated with sitagliptin (WMD = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.33-0.87, p < 0.001) and vildagliptin (WMD = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.27-0.84, p < 0.001). The number of patient-reported hypoglycemic episodes was statistically significantly associated with the use of sitagliptin (RR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.23-5.33, p = 0.01) and exenatide (RR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.30-4.11, p = 0.002).
conclusionIncretin-based therapies are effective in glycemic control and also offer other advantages such as weight loss (exenatide and liraglutide). This may have an important impact on patient adherence to medication.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.