Trial reportBrain research2011
Perimenopausal use of hormone therapy is associated with enhanced memory and hippocampal function later in life.
Trial report in Brain research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed.
- Distinct cognitive effects of estrogen and progesterone in menopausal women.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2015Trial
- Evidence of APOE4-related brain vulnerabilities in verbal memory systems in midlife women.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Article
- Cognitive Function in Peri- and Postmenopausal Women: Implications for Considering Iron Supplementation.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Racial ethnic variations in the cardiometabolic determinants and blood pressure of white matter hyperintensities among females-The HABS-HD Study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Estradiol modulates resting-state connectivity in perimenopausal depression.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- Endogenous Estrogens and Brain Activation During Verbal Memory Encoding and Recognition in the Postmenopause.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Exploring the Feasibility of Estrogen Replacement Therapy as a Treatment for Perimenopausal Depression: A Comprehensive Literature Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- A review of multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging studies on perimenopausal brain: a hint towards neural heterogeneity.European radiology · 2023Review
- Evaluations of memory, anxiety, and the growth factor IGF-1R after post-surgical menopause treatment with a highly selective progestin.Behavioural brain research · 2023Article
- Gray matter differences associated with menopausal hormone therapy in menopausal women: a DARTEL-based VBM study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Associations Between Midlife Menopausal Hormone Therapy Use, Incident Diabetes, and Late Life Memory in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Hippocampal glial inflammatory markers are differentially altered in a novel mouse model of perimenopausal cerebral amyloid angiopathy.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- Cardiometabolic health across menopausal years is linked to white matter hyperintensities up to a decade later.Frontiers in global women's health · 2023Article
- Sex Hormones, Sleep, and Memory: Interrelationships Across the Adult Female Lifespan.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Review
- Associations between abdominal adipose tissue, reproductive span, and brain characteristics in post-menopausal women.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2022Article
- Ovarian steroid hormones: A long overlooked but critical contributor to brain aging and Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Review
- Previous estradiol treatment during midlife maintains transcriptional regulation of memory-related proteins by ERα in the hippocampus in a rat model of menopause.Neurobiology of aging · 2021Article
- Surgical Menopause and Estrogen Therapy Modulate the Gut Microbiota, Obesity Markers, and Spatial Memory in Rats.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Association between menopausal hormone therapy and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: Implications for precision hormone therapy.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.) · 2021Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Evidence suggests that initiation of some forms of hormone therapy (HT) early in the perimenopausal or postmenopausal stage might confer benefit to verbal memory and the neural systems underlying memory, whereas late-life initiation confers no benefit or harm. This "critical window hypothesis" remains a topic of debate. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined the long-term impact of perimenopausal HT use on brain function during performance of verbal and figural memory tasks. Participants were 34 postmenopausal women (mean age 60 years) from the Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project and included 17 early (perimenopausal) and continuous users of HT and 17 never users matched on age, education, and verbal knowledge. Continuous HT use from the perimenopausal stage versus no use was validated with prospective daily diary records and study visit data. The primary outcome was patterns of brain activation in an a priori region of interest in the medial temporal lobe during verbal encoding and recognition of words. Results indicated that perimenopausal HT users performed better than nonusers on the imaging verbal memory task (p<.05). During verbal recognition, perimenopausal HT users showed increased activation in the left hippocampus and decreased activation in the parahippocampal gyrus bilaterally compared with never users. Each of these patterns of activation was associated with better memory performance on the imaging memory task. These results suggest that perimenopausal use of HT might confer long-term benefits to verbal memory and the brain systems underlying verbal memory. More generally, the results support the critical window hypothesis.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.