ArticleDiabetes technology & therapeutics2011
Normal reference range for mean tissue glucose and glycemic variability derived from continuous glucose monitoring for subjects without diabetes in different ethnic groups.
Article in Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02925559 (Effect of Anti-diabetic Drugs on Glycemic Variability. A Comparison Between Gliclazide MR), which is not on this map. Cited by 170 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Anti-diabetic Drugs on Glycemic Variability. A Comparison Between Gliclazide MR (Modified Release) and Dapagliflozin on Glycemic Variability Measured by Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Patients With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes
Who cites it
170 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 363 citations in OpenAlex.
- A DiRECT approach to weight loss in a culturally diverse, low-income population: Pilot randomised controlled trial and meta-analysis of similar interventions.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- The efficacy of using continuous glucose monitoring as a behaviour change tool in populations with and without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of closed-loop control system for type one diabetes in adolescents a meta analysis.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Spousal diabetes as a diabetes risk factor: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2014Pooled it
- The impact of the time of day on muscle and metabolic responses to resistance exercise in healthy adults: A randomised controlled trial.Experimental physiology · 2026Trial
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- Reversibility of brain glucose kinetics in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetologia · 2022Trial
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- Simplification of complex insulin regimens using canagliflozin or liraglutide in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes: A 24-week randomized controlled trial.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2021Trial
- Assessment of Glucose Control Metrics by Discriminant Ratio.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2020Trial
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- Whole-Grain Processing and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Diabetes care · 2020Trial
- Glycemic Variability and Hypoglycemic Excursions With Continuous Glucose Monitoring Compared to Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults With Highest Risk Type 1 Diabetes.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2020Trial
- Allogenic Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells and Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A 3-Month Follow-Up Pilot Study.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Trial
- Impact of energy turnover on the regulation of glucose homeostasis in healthy subjects.Nutrition & diabetes · 2019Trial
- Impact of First Meal Size during Prolonged Sitting on Postprandial Glycaemia in Individuals with Prediabetes: A Randomised, Crossover Study.Nutrients · 2018Trial
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110 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGlycemic variability has been proposed as a contributing factor in the development of diabetes complications. Multiple measures exist to calculate the magnitude of glycemic variability, but normative ranges for subjects without diabetes have not been described. For treatment targets and clinical research we present normative ranges for published measures of glycemic variability.
methodsSeventy-eight subjects without diabetes having a fasting plasma glucose of <120 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L) underwent up to 72 h of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with a Medtronic Minimed (Northridge, CA) CGMS(®) Gold device. Glycemic variability was calculated using EasyGV(©) software (available free for non-commercial use at www.easygv.co.uk ), a custom program that calculates the SD, M-value, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), average daily risk ratio (ADRR), Lability Index (LI), J-Index, Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI), High Blood Glucose Index (HBGI), continuous overlapping net glycemic action (CONGA), mean of daily differences (MODD), Glycemic Risk Assessment in Diabetes Equation (GRADE), and mean absolute glucose (MAG).
resultsEight CGM traces were excluded because there were inadequate data. From the remaining 70 traces, normative reference ranges (mean±2 SD) for glycemic variability were calculated: SD, 0-3.0; CONGA, 3.6-5.5; LI, 0.0-4.7; J-Index, 4.7-23.6; LBGI, 0.0-6.9; HBGI, 0.0-7.7; GRADE, 0.0-4.7; MODD, 0.0-3.5; MAGE-CGM, 0.0-2.8; ADDR, 0.0-8.7; M-value, 0.0-12.5; and MAG, 0.5-2.2.
conclusionsWe present normative ranges for measures of glycemic variability in adult subjects without diabetes for use in clinical care and academic research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.