ReviewDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2012
The role of the kidneys in glucose homeostasis: a new path towards normalizing glycaemia.
Review in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 189 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Study of the Effects of Dapagliflozin on Ambulatory Aortic Pressure, Arterial Stiffness and Urine Albumin Excretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
The Effect of Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitor (dapagliflozin) on Weight Loss in Non-diabetic Adults with Obesity: Triple-blinded, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial.
Renoprotective Effects of Dapagliflozin Versus Pentoxiphylline in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Who cites it
189 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 486 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiovascular and renal outcomes of combined SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists versus monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of Hypoglycemic Drugs on Patients with Heart Failure with or without T2DM: A Bayesian Network Meta-analysis.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Model-based meta-analysis of HbA1c reduction across SGLT2 inhibitors using dose adjusted by urinary glucose excretion.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Metabolome panels as potential noninvasive biomarkers for primary glomerulonephritis sub-types: meta-analysis of profiling metabolomics studies.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Recent applications of quantitative systems pharmacology and machine learning models across diseases.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics · 2022Pooled it
- Cardiovascular safety and efficacy of metformin-SGLT2i versus metformin-sulfonylureas in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Scientific reports · 2021 · on this mapPooled it
- Cardiovascular Outcome in Patients Treated With SGLT2 Inhibitors for Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on metformin: a meta-analysis.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2019 · on this mapPooled it
- Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin as add-on to metformin for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2016 · on this mapPooled it
- Efficacy and safety of combining empagliflozin in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus uncontrolled with metformin and sitagliptin: A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, therapeutic confirmatory phase 3 clinical trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026 · on this mapTrial
- Effect of SGLT2 Inhibition on Glucosuria During a Hyperglycemic Clamp in HNF1A-MODY (MODY3) and Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2025Trial
- Increase in endogenous glucose production with SGLT2 inhibition is attenuated in individuals who underwent kidney transplantation and bilateral native nephrectomy.Diabetologia · 2020Trial
- Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin as add-on to insulin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2020Trial
- Long-term safety and efficacy of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin, added on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 52-week open-label, multicenter, post-marketing clinical study.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2019 · on this mapTrial
- Two Glucose-Lowering Mechanisms of Canagliflozin Depending on Body Weight Changes in Drug-Naïve Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes.Drugs in R&D · 2018Trial
- Long-term safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin as add-on to insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from a 52-week, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, open-label extension, Phase 4 study in Japan (J-STEP/INS).Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2018Trial
- Efficacy of ipragliflozin as monotherapy or as add-on therapy with other oral antidiabetic medications for treating type 2 diabetes in Japanese patients with inadequate glycemic control: A subgroup analysis based on patient characteristics.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2018Trial
- Factors Affecting Canagliflozin-Induced Transient Urine Volume Increase in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Advances in therapy · 2017Trial
- Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor luseogliflozin improves glycaemic control, assessed by continuous glucose monitoring, even on a low-carbohydrate diet.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2016Trial
129 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis requires a complex, highly integrated interaction among the liver, muscle, adipocytes, pancreas and neuroendocrine system. Recent studies have showed that the kidneys also play a central role in glucose homeostasis by reabsorbing all the filtered glucose, an adaptive mechanism that ensures sufficient energy is available during fasting periods. This mechanism becomes maladaptive in diabetes, however, as hyperglycaemia augments the expression and activity of the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 in the proximal tubule of the kidney. As a result, glucose reabsorption may be increased by as much as 20% in individuals with poorly controlled diabetes. SGLT2 is a low-affinity, high-capacity glucose transport protein that reabsorbs 90% of filtered glucose, while the high-affinity, low-capacity SGLT1 transporter reabsorbs the remaining 10%. SGLT2 represents a novel target for the treatment of diabetes. In animal studies, SGLT2 inhibition reduces plasma glucose levels, resulting in improved β-cell function and enhanced insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle. Human studies have confirmed the efficacy of SLGT2 inhibitors in improving glucose control and reducing the A1c. Because the mechanism of SGLT2 inhibition is independent of circulating insulin levels or insulin sensitivity, these agents can be combined with all other antidiabetic classes, including exogenous insulin. Although the long-term efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors remain under study, the class represents a novel therapeutic approach with potential for the treatment of both type 2 and 1 diabetes.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.