ReviewMolecular neurobiology2013
Insulin in the brain: sources, localization and functions.
Review in Molecular neurobiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04118920 (Safety of Topical Insulin Eye Drops for the Treatment of Open-angle Glaucoma), which is not on this map. Cited by 134 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Safety of Topical Insulin Eye Drops for the Treatment of Open-angle Glaucoma
Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 284 citations in OpenAlex.
- Outcomes and clinical implications of intranasal insulin on cognition in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of intranasal insulin as an enhancer of fear extinction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Article
- Narrative Review "Dual Frontiers in Neurodegeneration: Pharmacological Synergies and Divergences in Parkinson's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus".Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- A Phase I Randomized Trial of Topical Insulin for Glaucoma: Safety and Efficacy Outcomes.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Insulin Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: Association with Brain Insulin Resistance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Comorbidity Between Mood Disorders and Chronic Somatic Diseases, With a Focus on Cardiometabolic Disease, and Its Mechanistic Crosstalk.Depression and anxiety · 2026Review
- The role of MICOS in modulating mitochondrial dynamics and structural changes in vulnerable regions of Alzheimer's Disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Exercise training enhances myokine release and reduces brain insulin resistance: insights into muscle-CNS metabolic cross-talk.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Article
- The interface of depression and diabetes: treatment considerations.Translational psychiatry · 2025Review
- Pancreatic β cell-secreted factor FGF23 attenuates Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid β-induced neuronal death.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- The effect of insulin on the central nervous system: insights into neurological complications and management of type 1 diabetes in the pediatric population.Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2025Review
- Insulin activates parasympathetic hepatic-related neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus through mTOR signaling.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Crosstalk between MSC-extracellular vesicles andFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Understanding Cognitive Decline in Aging: Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies - A Narrative Review.Clinical interventions in aging · 2025Review
- Chronically Increased Levels of Circulating Insulin Secondary to Insulin Resistance: A Silent Killer.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Membrane-anchored intracellular insulin receptor or insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor elicits ligand-independent downstream signaling.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2024Article
- Insulin Resistance, a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: Pathological Mechanisms and a New Proposal for a Preventive Therapeutic Approach.Biomedicines · 2024Review
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Historically, insulin is best known for its role in peripheral glucose homeostasis, and insulin signaling in the brain has received less attention. Insulin-independent brain glucose uptake has been the main reason for considering the brain as an insulin-insensitive organ. However, recent findings showing a high concentration of insulin in brain extracts, and expression of insulin receptors (IRs) in central nervous system tissues have gathered considerable attention over the sources, localization, and functions of insulin in the brain. This review summarizes the current status of knowledge of the peripheral and central sources of insulin in the brain, site-specific expression of IRs, and also neurophysiological functions of insulin including the regulation of food intake, weight control, reproduction, and cognition and memory formation. This review also considers the neuromodulatory and neurotrophic effects of insulin, resulting in proliferation, differentiation, and neurite outgrowth, introducing insulin as an attractive tool for neuroprotection against apoptosis, oxidative stress, beta amyloid toxicity, and brain ischemia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.