ReviewAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences2013
What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it?
Review in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 125 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 300 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fat-free/lean body mass in children with insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Practical Guidance for Interventions in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: Diet and Exercise vs. Changes in Body Composition.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Relevant Weight Reduction and Reversed Metabolic Co-morbidities Can Be Achieved by Duodenojejunal Bypass Liner in Adolescents with Morbid Obesity.Obesity surgery · 2020Trial
- Dysbiotic Microbiome-Metabolome Axis in Childhood Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.Journal of dental research · 2025Article
- Narrative review of metabolic syndrome and its relationships with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gonadal dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- Ferritin as an Inflammatory Marker in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Links to Obesity and Liver Ultrasound Alterations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring-New Diagnostic Tool in Complex Pathophysiological Disorder of Glucose Metabolism in Children and Adolescents with Obesity.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Effects of multidisciplinary therapy on energy balance, inflammation, and metabolic diseases in adolescents with obesity: A narrative review.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2024Review
- Review
- Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Vitamin D Levels in Children and Adolescents with Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Childhood Cardiovascular Health, Obesity, and Some Related Disorders: Insights into Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Assessment of body compositions in the prediction of metabolic syndrome in adults.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2024Article
- Molecular and pathophysiological relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation in the manifestation of metabolic dysfunctions and their inflammation‑mediating treatment options (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2024Review
- Impact of cesarean section on metabolic syndrome components in offspring rats.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Associations of Eating Habits with Self-Rated Health and Life Satisfaction in Adolescents: A 42-Country Cross-Sectional Study.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2024Article
- Dietary intake, obesity, and metabolic risk factors among children and adolescents in the SEACO-CH20 cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
- Differences in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Health-Related Physical Performance Indices and Academic Achievement: A Comparative Study of Normal-Weight and Obese Children in Qatar.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Yield of diagnostic testing in evaluating etiology and end organ effects of pediatric hypertension.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome comprises a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, altered glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity) that occur in obese children. However, metabolic syndrome can also occur in lean individuals, suggesting that obesity is a marker for the syndrome, not a cause. Metabolic syndrome is difficult to define, due to its nonuniform classification and reliance on hard cutoffs in the evaluation of disorders with non-Gaussian distributions. Defining the syndrome is even more difficult in children, owing to racial and pubertal differences and lack of cardiovascular events. Lipid partitioning among specific fat depots is associated with insulin resistance, which can lead to mitochondrial overload and dysfunctional subcellular energy use and drive the various elements of metabolic syndrome. Multiple environmental factors, in particular a typical Western diet, drive mitochondrial overload, while other changes in Western society, such as stress and sleep deprivation, increase insulin resistance and the propensity for food intake. These culminate in an adverse biochemical phenotype, including development of altered glucose metabolism and early atherogenesis during childhood and early adulthood.
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Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.