ArticleBMJ open2013
Real-world outcomes of US employees with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin glargine or neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin: a comparative retrospective database study.
Article in BMJ open, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adherence to and persistence with antidiabetic medications and associations with clinical and economic outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic literature review.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Pooled it
- Lixisenatide as add-on treatment among patients with different β-cell function levels as assessed by HOMA-β index.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2017Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Insulin Adherence Measures in Patients with Diabetes.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2016Pooled it
- Average lost work productivity due to non-fatal injuries by type in the USA.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2021Article
- Assessment of basal insulin adherence using 2 methodologies among Texas Medicaid enrollees with type 2 diabetes.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2020Observational
- Treatment Patterns, Adherence, and Persistence Associated With Human Regular U-500 Insulin: A Real-World Evidence Study.Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2020Article
- Persistence with IDegLira in Patients in Clinical Practice: A Nationwide Observational Study in Sweden.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2020Article
- Basal Insulin Initiation and Maintenance in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the United States.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2020Article
- Injectable Antihyperglycemics: A Systematic Review and Critical Analysis of the Literature on Adherence, Persistence, and Health Outcomes.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2019Review
- A comparative effectiveness study of degludec and insulin glargine 300 U/mL in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2019Observational
- Relationship between treatment persistence and A1C trends among patients with type 2 diabetes newly initiating basal insulin.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2018Article
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1RA) Therapy Adherence for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in a Medicare Population.Advances in therapy · 2017Article
- Benchmarking Insulin Treatment Persistence Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Across Different U.S. Payer Segments.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2017Observational
- Basal Insulin Persistence, Associated Factors, and Outcomes After Treatment Initiation: A Retrospective Database Study Among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2017Article
- Insulin adherence and persistence among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective database analysis.Patient preference and adherence · 2017Article
- Cost of medication adherence and persistence in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a literature review.Patient preference and adherence · 2017Review
- Persistence with Insulin Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in France: An Insurance Claims Study.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2016Article
- Association Between Weight Change, Clinical Outcomes, and Health Care Costs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2016Observational
- Distinguishing Selection Bias and Confounding Bias in Comparative Effectiveness Research.Medical care · 2016Article
- Early discontinuation and related treatment costs after initiation of Basal insulin in type 2 diabetes patients: a German primary care database analysis.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo compare real-world outcomes of initiating insulin glargine (GLA) versus neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin among employees with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who had both employer-sponsored health insurance and short-tem-disability coverages.
designRetrospective cohort study.
settingMarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters/Health and Productivity Management Databases 2003-2009.
participantsAdult employees with T2DM who were previously treated with oral antidiabetic drugs and/or glucagon-like-peptide 1 receptor agonists and initiated GLA or NPH were included if they were continuously enrolled in healthcare and short-term-disability coverages for 3 months before (baseline) and 1 year after (follow-up) initiation. Treatment selection bias was addressed by 2:1 propensity score matching. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using different matching ratios. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes during 1-year follow-up were measured and compared: insulin treatment persistence and adherence; hypoglycaemia rates and daily average consumption of insulin; total and diabetes-specific healthcare resource utilisation and costs and loss in productivity, as measured by short-term disability, and the associated costs.
resultsA total of 534 patients were matched and analysed (GLA: 356; NPH 178) with no significant differences in baseline characteristics. GLA patients were more persistent and adherent (both p<0.05), had lower rates of hospitalisation (23% vs 31.4%; p=0.036) and endocrinologist visits (19.1% vs 26.9%; p=0.038), similar hypoglycaemia rates (both 4.4%; p=1.0), higher diabetes drug costs ($2031 vs $1522; p<0.001), but similar total healthcare costs ($14 550 vs $16 093; p=0.448) and total diabetes-related healthcare costs ($4686 vs $5604; p=0.416). Short-term disability days and costs were numerically lower in the GLA cohort (16.0 vs 24.5 days; p=0.086 and $2824 vs $4363; p=0.081, respectively). Sensitivity analyses yielded similar findings.
conclusionsInsulin GLA results in better persistence and adherence, compared with NPH insulin, with no overall cost disadvantages. Better persistence and adherence may lead to long-term health benefits for employees with T2DM.
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.