ReviewDiabetes technology & therapeutics2013
Clinical evidence for the earlier initiation of insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes.
Review in Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early insulin initiation in type 2 diabetes: efficacy, safety, and clinical implications: a systematic review with narrative synthesis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Glycemic Status and Effect of Immediate Intensive Statin on Mild Ischemic Stroke: A Subgroup Analysis of the INSPIRES Trial.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026 · on this mapTrial
- Efficacy and safety of switching to iGlarLixi from premixed insulins in people with type 2 diabetes: The Soli-SWITCH study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Trial
- Implementation of Basal-Bolus Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Bolus Insulin Delivery Using an Insulin Patch with an Insulin Pen.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2019Trial
- Effects of age and disease duration on the glycaemic outcomes and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/mL in people with type 2 diabetes in China: A post-hoc analysis of the INITIATION study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Once-weekly administration of insulin in the real-world management of type 2 diabetes. A Delphi-like consensus.Acta diabetologica · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic and biological determinants of insulin initiation in type 2 diabetes: a cohort study using routinely collected primary care data.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Article
- The Modern Role of Basal Insulin in Advancing Therapy in People With Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- Prospects for the convergence of polyphenols with pharmaceutical drugs in type 2 diabetes: Challenges, risks, and strategies.Pharmacological reviews · 2025Review
- Multi-phases of islet beta-cell function change in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its influencing factors.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Effectiveness and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/mL in insulin-naïve individuals according to diabetes duration: Results from the REALI European pooled data analysis.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Initiation of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Medications in the NGHA Healthcare System in Saudi Arabia: Contemporary Trends.Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental · 2025Article
- Burden of Current Insulin Therapy and Expectations for Future Insulin Therapy: Results from INBEING, a Web-Based Survey in Japan.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2024Article
- Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: Insights into clinical efficacy, patient-reported outcomes, and adherence challenges.World journal of diabetes · 2024Review
- The Current and Future Role of Insulin Therapy in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2024Review
- Expert Opinion on Current Trends in the Use of Insulin in the Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes from the South-Eastern European Region and Israel.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2024Review
- Insulin therapy among diabetic patients in rural communities of Sub-Saharan Africa: a perspective review.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- LIVE INDIA: Effectiveness of Gla-100 in a Post hoc Pooled Analysis of FINE ASIA and GOAL Registries.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023Article
- The Role of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in the Evaluation of Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients.Cureus · 2023Article
- Ameliorative Effects ofNutrients · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The natural history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a relentless progression of β-cell failure and dysregulation of β-cell function with increasing metabolic derangement. Insulin remains the only glucose-lowering therapy that is efficacious throughout this continuum. However, the timing of introduction and the choice of insulin therapy remain contentious because of the heterogeneity of T2DM and the well-recognized behavioral and therapeutic challenges associated with this mode of therapy. Nevertheless, the early initiation of basal insulin has been shown to improve glycemic control and affect long-term outcomes in people with T2DM and is a treatment strategy supported by international guidelines as part of an individualized approach to chronic disease management. The rationale for early initiation of insulin is based on evidence demonstrating multifaceted benefits, including overcoming the glucotoxic effects of hyperglycemia, thereby facilitating "β-cell rest," and preserving β-cell mass and function, while also improving insulin sensitivity. Independent of its effects on glycemic control, insulin possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may help protect against endothelial dysfunction and damage resulting in vascular disease. Insulin therapy and the achievement of good glycemic control earlier in T2DM provide long-term protection to end organs via "metabolic memory" regardless of subsequent treatments and degree of glycemic control. This is evidenced from long-term observations continuing from trials such as the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study. As such, early initiation of insulin therapy may not only help to avoid the effects of prolonged glycemic burden, but may also positively alter the course of disease progression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.