Trial reportNeurology2013
Antihypertensive drugs decrease risk of Alzheimer disease: Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study.
Trial report in Neurology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 209 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigation of antihypertensive class, dementia, and cognitive decline: A meta-analysis.Neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Advancing Alzheimer's research: A review of big data promises.International journal of medical informatics · 2017Pooled it
- Association between Antihypertensive Drug Use and the Incidence of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.BioMed research international · 2017Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effect of renin-angiotensin system antihypertensive medication use on cognitive function in diabetes mellitus with obesity or overweight: An ancillary study to the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Trial
- The Correlation between Two Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor's Concentrations and Cognition.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Association of Angiotensin II-Stimulating Antihypertensive Use and Dementia Risk: Post Hoc Analysis of the PreDIVA Trial.Neurology · 2021Trial
- Associations of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-1 and Angiotensin II Blood Levels and Cognitive Function.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2018Trial
- Group-based exercise and cognitive-physical training in older adults with self-reported cognitive complaints: The Multiple-Modality, Mind-Motor (M4) study protocol.BMC geriatrics · 2016Trial
- Multi-Target Neuroprotective Compound Exhibits EAAT2-Modulating and Alzheimer's Pathology-Attenuating Effects in In Vitro and In Vivo Models.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Characterizing Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia in a Hypertension Population Within the State of Florida Using Electronic Health Record-Based Data.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Cognitive Aging: Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Studies.Frontiers in drug discovery · 2026Article
- Revisiting renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in aging: translational insights from bench to bedside and back.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- The rhythm of decline: Circadian disruption in neurodegeneration.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2025Review
- Associations of late-life blood pressure with CERAD, Braak, and Thal: Findings from the National Alzheimer's coordinating center neuropathology dataset.Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology · 2025Article
- Integrating Misclassified EHR Outcomes With Validated Outcomes From a Non-Probability Sample.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- The Use of Antihypertensive Medication and In Vivo Alzheimer's Disease Pathology.Annals of neurology · 2025Article
- Chronic Treatment of a Mouse Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Brain ATbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Unraveling the role of brain renin angiotensin system in vascular dementia: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Experimental brain research · 2025Review
- Use of common cardiovascular disease drugs and risk of dementia: A case-control study in Swedish national register data.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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- Commented on byAuthor Response.2014
Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether use of diuretics, angiotensin-1 receptor blockers (ARB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), calcium channel blockers (CCB), or β-blockers (BB) was associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia in participants with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
methodsSecondary longitudinal data analysis of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study in older adults at least 75 years of age with normal cognition (n = 1,928) or MCI (n = 320) over a median 6.1-year period using Cox proportional hazard models after adjusting for confounders.
resultsDiuretic use was reported by 15.6%, ARB 6.1%, ACE-I 15.1%, CCB 14.8%, and BB 20.5%. Of the 2,248 participants, 290 (13%) developed AD dementia. Hazard ratio for incident AD dementia among participants with normal cognition was 0.51 in diuretic (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31-0.82), 0.31 in ARB (95% CI 0.14-0.68), 0.50 in ACE-I (95% CI 0.29-0.83), 0.62 in CCB (95% CI 0.35-1.09), and 0.58 in BB (95% CI 0.36-0.93) users and was not significantly altered when mean systolic blood pressure was above 140 mm Hg. In participants with MCI, only diuretic use was associated with decreased risk (hazard ratio = 0.38, 95% CI 0.20-0.73).
conclusionsDiuretic, ARB, and ACE-I use was, in addition to and/or independently of mean systolic blood pressure, associated with reduced risk of AD dementia in participants with normal cognition, while only diuretic use was associated with reduced risk in participants with MCI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.