ArticleImmunology2014
Probiotic antigens stimulate hepatic natural killer T cells.
Article in Immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Invariant Natural Killer T lymphocytes as natural sensors for microbes: a two-edged sword in liver diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Status and outlook of pulmonary tuberculosis coinfection.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2025Review
- Probiotics ameliorate endocrine disorders via modulating inflammatory pathways: a systematic review.Genes & nutrition · 2024Review
- Review
- Immune modulation of gut microbiota and its metabolites in chronic hepatitis B.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- A comparative study on roles of natural killer T cells in two diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related fibrosis in mice.Annals of medicine · 2022Article
- Gut microbiota and immunity relevance in eubiosis and dysbiosis.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2022Review
- Evaluation of the Function of Probiotics, Emphasizing the Role of their Binding to the Intestinal Epithelium in the Stability and their Effects on the Immune System.Biological procedures online · 2021Review
- Bile acid activated receptors: Integrating immune and metabolic regulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2021Review
- The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Integrative and Comprehensive Pancancer Analysis of Regulator of Chromatin Condensation 1 (RCC1).International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease.Cell research · 2020Review
- Probiotic mixture VSL#3: An overview of basic and clinical studies in chronic diseases.World journal of clinical cases · 2020Review
- Current Status and Prospects of Spontaneous Peritonitis in Patients with Cirrhosis.BioMed research international · 2020Review
- The role of the gut microbiome in chronic liver disease: the clinical evidence revised.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2019Review
- The interaction between invariant Natural Killer T cells and the mucosal microbiota.Immunology · 2018Review
- Precision medicine in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the gut microbiota.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2016Review
- Microorganisms with claimed probiotic properties: an overview of recent literature.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2014Review
- Environmental Sources of Bacteria Differentially Influence Host-Associated Microbial Dynamics.mSystemsArticle
- Systematic Review of the Relation Between Intestinal Microbiota and Toll-Like Receptors in the Metabolic Syndrome: What Do We Know So Far?GE Portuguese journal of gastroenterologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that gut flora play an important role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our previous studies show that hepatic natural killer T (NKT) cells play a significant role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In this study, we explore the mechanism by which modification of gut flora leads to the alteration of hepatic NKT cells and improvement of steatosis. Mice were fed a high-fat (HF) diet to induce NAFLD. Some of them also received different doses of mixed-strain probiotics (VSL#3); single-strain probiotic (Bifidobacterium infantis) or antibiotics. Animal weight, glucose tolerance, liver steatosis and hepatic NKT cells were assessed. Lipid extracts from probiotics were tested for their ability to activate NKT cells. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) knockout mice were also evaluated for their responses to HF diet. High-dose VSL#3 was more effective than low-dose VSL#3 and B. infantis for the improvement of hepatic NKT cell depletion and steatosis. The lipids extracted from VSL#3 stimulated NKT cells both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, lipids from B. infantis decreased α-GalCer-mediated NKT cell activation in vitro, but were able to stimulate NKT cells. TLR4 knockout mice have a similar response to HF-diet-induced NKT cell depletion and obesity. These results suggest that alterations in the gut flora have profound effects on hepatic NKT cells and steatosis, which are both strain-specific and dose-dependent, but not through TLR4 signalling. Furthermore, these data suggest that probiotics may contain bacterial glycolipid antigens that directly modulate the effector functions of hepatic NKT cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.