ArticleJournal of internal medicine2014
Propensity scores for confounder adjustment when assessing the effects of medical interventions using nonexperimental study designs.
Article in Journal of internal medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 173 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
173 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Performance of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Versus Digital Mammography in Women With a Family History of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review.Clinical breast cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Estimating the True MACE Benefits From Tirzepatide in SURPASS-CVOT Using an Imputed Placebo Analysis of REWIND.Diabetes care · 2026Trial
- The risk associated with ultra-processed food intake on depressive symptoms and mental health in older adults: a target trial emulation.BMC medicine · 2025Trial
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of health tapestry, a complex primary care program for older adults: a post-hoc analysis.BMC primary care · 2024Trial
- Intermediate-dose anticoagulation, aspirin, and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19: A propensity score-matched analysis.American journal of hematology · 2021Trial
- Trial
- The association between ultra-processed food exposure and cognition in older adults.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Active surveillance of drug safety in healthcare data: Sequential monitoring of bacterial and serious urinary tract infection risk in sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor users.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Diet quality and depressive symptoms in older adults, assessing the effect modification by genetic predisposition and low-grade inflammation: a target trial emulation.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Childhood Sexual Abuse and Long-Term Risk of Self-Harm, Overdose, and Cardiovascular Disease.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Mortality in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Patients With and Without Pre-Existing Cardiovascular Disease Receiving Oral Androgen Receptor Pathway Inhibitors.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- Clinical Outcomes in Concurrent Cohorts of Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA)-Treated versus ELX/TEZ/IVA-Ineligible Individuals with Cystic Fibrosis in the US during COVID-19.Pulmonary therapy · 2026Article
- Anti-inflammatory diet and mental health outcomes in an aging population: evidence from a preventive population-based target trial emulation.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Association of GLP-1 receptor agonists with intentional self-harm in patients with type 2 diabetes: a Sentinel Distributed Database study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2026Article
- Prenatal antiseizure drug exposure and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children: population based cohort study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Article
- Brief Report: Is Gestational Exposure to HIV and Protease Inhibitors Associated With Timing of Pubertal Onset?Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Differences in the Measurement of Comorbidities Based on ICD-10-CM Coding Definitions Using Medicare Advantage Encounter Data and Fee-For-Service Claims.Medical care · 2026Article
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Alcohol Use: A Real-Word Observational Study in a Large, Integrated Health Care System.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Feasibility of Using Historical Placebo Control in Osteoarthritis Trials.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Acute normovolemic hemodilution and cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort study.Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2026Article
113 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Treatment effects, especially when comparing two or more therapeutic alternatives as in comparative effectiveness research, are likely to be heterogeneous across age, gender, co-morbidities and co-medications. Propensity scores (PSs), an alternative to multivariable outcome models to control for measured confounding, have specific advantages in the presence of heterogeneous treatment effects. Implementing PSs using matching or weighting allows us to estimate different overall treatment effects in differently defined populations. Heterogeneous treatment effects can also be due to unmeasured confounding concentrated in those treated contrary to prediction. Sensitivity analyses based on PSs can help to assess such unmeasured confounding. PSs should be considered a primary or secondary analytic strategy in nonexperimental medical research, including pharmacoepidemiology and nonexperimental comparative effectiveness research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.