Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24760977›Full record

Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2014

Ghrelin mimics fasting to enhance human hedonic, orbitofrontal cortex, and hippocampal responses to food.

Anthony P Goldstone, Christina G Prechtl, Samantha Scholtz, Alexander D Miras, Navpreet Chhina, Giuliana Durighel, Seyedeh S Deliran, Christian Beckmann, Mohammad A Ghatei, Damien R Ashby and 6 more

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · greenAbstract readComparative StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 64 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
64citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
7.0field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02690987 early_phase1unknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2015, after this paper: background citation

Do Appetitive Gut Hormones Reduce Addictive and Eating Behaviours in Obesity, and Nicotine and Alcohol Dependence?

TypeinterventionalSponsorImperial College LondonRan2015 to 2020Enrolled95ConditionsObesity, Smoking Cessation, AlcoholismArmsExenatide, Desacyl ghrelin, Saline
NCT04529161 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

Changes in Olfactory and Taste Behavior in Overweight / Obese Subjects Undergoing Fasting Mimicking Diet (FMD)

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniter OnlusRan2020 to 2022Enrolled102ConditionsDiet, Healthy, Obesity, Olfaction DisordersArmsFasting Mimicking Diet (FMD), Routinary diet habits
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

64 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 143 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Ghrelin decreases sensitivity to negative feedback and increases prediction-error related caudate activity in humans, a randomized controlled trial.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024
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  15. An Emerging Role for Gut-Brain Signaling Involving Ghrelin in Chronic Stress.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025
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4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Anthony P GoldstoneFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Christina G PrechtlFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Samantha ScholtzFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Alexander D MirasFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Navpreet ChhinaFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Giuliana DurighelFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Seyedeh S DeliranFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Christian BeckmannFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Mohammad A GhateiFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Damien R AshbyFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Adam D WaldmanFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Bruce D GaylinnFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Michael O ThornerFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Gary S FrostFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Stephen R BloomFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
Jimmy D BellFrom the Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group (APG, CGP, SS, ADM, NC, SSD, and JDB) and Robert Steiner MRI Unit (GD), Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, the Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences (CB), the Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MAG, DRA, GSF, and SRB), and the Division of Brain Sciences (ADW), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and the Department of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (BDG and MOT).
University of Virginia · US

Funding

Medical Research Council G0902002Medical Research Council MC_U120061305NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK076037Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGhrelin, which is a stomach-derived hormone, increases with fasting and energy restriction and may influence eating behaviors through brain hedonic reward-cognitive systems. Therefore, changes in plasma ghrelin might mediate counter-regulatory responses to a negative energy balance through changes in food hedonics.

objectiveWe investigated whether ghrelin administration (exogenous hyperghrelinemia) mimics effects of fasting (endogenous hyperghrelinemia) on the hedonic response and activation of brain-reward systems to food.

designIn a crossover design, 22 healthy, nonobese adults (17 men) underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) food-picture evaluation task after a 16-h overnight fast (Fasted-Saline) or after eating breakfast 95 min before scanning (730 kcal, 14% protein, 31% fat, and 55% carbohydrate) and receiving a saline (Fed-Saline) or acyl ghrelin (Fed-Ghrelin) subcutaneous injection before scanning. One male subject was excluded from the fMRI analysis because of excess head motion, which left 21 subjects with brain-activation data.

resultsCompared with the Fed-Saline visit, both ghrelin administration to fed subjects (Fed-Ghrelin) and fasting (Fasted-Saline) significantly increased the appeal of high-energy foods and associated orbitofrontal cortex activation. Both fasting and ghrelin administration also increased hippocampus activation to high-energy- and low-energy-food pictures. These similar effects of endogenous and exogenous hyperghrelinemia were not explicable by consistent changes in glucose, insulin, peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide-1. Neither ghrelin administration nor fasting had any significant effect on nucleus accumbens, caudate, anterior insula, or amygdala activation during the food-evaluation task or on auditory, motor, or visual cortex activation during a control task.

conclusionsGhrelin administration and fasting have similar acute stimulatory effects on hedonic responses and the activation of corticolimbic reward-cognitive systems during food evaluations. Similar effects of recurrent or chronic hyperghrelinemia on an anticipatory food reward may contribute to the negative impact of skipping breakfast on dietary habits and body weight and the long-term failure of energy restriction for weight loss.

Indexed as

Appetite RegulationBreakfastFoodAbdomenAcylationAdultCross-Over StudiesDouble-Blind MethodFastingFood PreferencesGhrelinHippocampusHumansImaging, Three-DimensionalInjections, SubcutaneousMagnetic Resonance ImagingGhrelinGHRL protein, human

Identifiers

PMID24760977
PMCPMC6410902
OpenAlexW2128217369

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.