ArticleJournal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)2014
Total body skeletal muscle mass: estimation by creatine (methyl-d3) dilution in humans.
Article in Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06811324 (The Effects of Tirzepatide Use on Muscle and Vascular Function Among Obese Older Adults), which is not on this map. Cited by 102 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effects of Tirzepatide Use on Muscle and Vascular Function Among Obese Older Adults
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 173 citations in OpenAlex.
- The clinical usefulness of muscle mass and strength measures in older people: a systematic review.Age and ageing · 2021Pooled it
- The effects of protein supplements on muscle mass, strength, and aerobic and anaerobic power in healthy adults: a systematic review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2015Pooled it
- Menstrual cycle phase does not influence muscle protein synthesis or whole-body myofibrillar proteolysis in response to resistance exercise.The Journal of physiology · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Application of the DJournal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2023Trial
- Comparing D3-Creatine Dilution and Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Muscle Mass Responses to Strength Training in Low-Functioning Older Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023Trial
- Creatine ( methyl-dJournal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Breaking the Debilitating Cycle: Pathophysiology, Assessment, and Multimodal Intervention of Secondary Debilitation After Hip Fracture in Older Adults-A Narrative Review.Orthopaedic surgery · 2026Review
- Reference Methods for Measuring Skeletal Muscle Mass: A Critical Perspective.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Review
- Menopause, Female Sex Hormones, Skeletal Muscle Mass and Muscle Protein Turnover in Humans.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Review
- The impact of lifestyle-based weight loss in older adults with obesity on muscle and bone health: a balancing act.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Review
- Skeletal Muscle Mass Measured Noninvasively by DJournal of pediatrics. Clinical practice · 2025Article
- Novel Algorithm to Estimate Fat-Free Muscle Volumes in Women Using the Urinary Deuterated-Creatine Dilution Method.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2025Article
- Muscle Mitochondrial Respiration and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Contribute to Slower Walking Speed of Older Individuals Who Identify as Black.Aging cell · 2025Article
- Towards Precision in Sarcopenia Assessment: The Challenges of Multimodal Data Analysis in the Era of AI.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Sarcopenia: how to determine and manage.Knee surgery & related research · 2025Review
- Association of body composition measures to muscle strength using DXA, DScientific reports · 2025Article
- Correlation Between Skeletal Muscle Mass and Fat-Free Mass in Infants Born Very Preterm.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Exercise and Nutrition to Improve Cancer Treatment-Related Outcomes (ENICTO).Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Current methods for clinical estimation of total body skeletal muscle mass have significant limitations. We tested the hypothesis that creatine (methyl-d3) dilution (D3-creatine) measured by enrichment of urine D3-creatinine reveals total body creatine pool size, providing an accurate estimate of total body skeletal muscle mass. Healthy subjects with different muscle masses [n = 35: 20 men (19-30 yr, 70-84 yr), 15 postmenopausal women (51-62 yr, 70-84 yr)] were housed for 5 days. Optimal tracer dose was explored with single oral doses of 30, 60, or 100 mg D3-creatine given on day 1. Serial plasma samples were collected for D3-creatine pharmacokinetics. All urine was collected through day 5. Creatine and creatinine (deuterated and unlabeled) were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Total body creatine pool size and muscle mass were calculated from D3-creatinine enrichment in urine. Muscle mass was also measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and traditional 24-h urine creatinine. D3-creatine was rapidly absorbed and cleared with variable urinary excretion. Isotopic steady-state of D3-creatinine enrichment in the urine was achieved by 30.7 ± 11.2 h. Mean steady-state enrichment in urine provided muscle mass estimates that correlated well with MRI estimates for all subjects (r = 0.868, P < 0.0001), with less bias compared with lean body mass assessment by DXA, which overestimated muscle mass compared with MRI. The dilution of an oral D3-creatine dose determined by urine D3-creatinine enrichment provides an estimate of total body muscle mass strongly correlated with estimates from serial MRI with less bias than total lean body mass assessment by DXA.
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Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.