Trial reportDiabetes2014
GLP-1 receptor activation modulates appetite- and reward-related brain areas in humans.
Trial report in Diabetes, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 234 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Combined Effects of SGLT2 Inhibition and GLP-1 Receptor Agonism on Food Intake, Body Weight and Central Satiety and Reward Circuits in Obese T2DM Patients
Do Appetitive Gut Hormones Reduce Addictive and Eating Behaviours in Obesity, and Nicotine and Alcohol Dependence?
Who cites it
234 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 399 citations in OpenAlex.
- Weight Reduction Heterogenicity and Mediators of GLP-1RAs and Dual Agonists for Individuals With Obesity: A Meta-Analysis.Clinical obesity · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Comprehensive evaluation of GLP-1 receptor agonists: an umbrella review of clinical outcomes across multiple diseases.Nature communications · 2026Pooled it
- Psychiatric effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review of emerging evidence.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Depressive symptoms at short-, medium-, and long-term follow-up after bariatric surgical procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Domain-Specific and Domain-General Functional Brain Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Task-Based and Functional Connectivity Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity Management in Adults With and Without Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.Journal of obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis on GLP-1 mediated modulation of autophagy in islet β-cells: Prospectus for improved wound healing in type 2 diabetes.International wound journal · 2024Pooled it
- The Effects of Cardioprotective Antidiabetic Therapy on Microbiota in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Neural Correlates of Anti-appetite Medications: An fMRI Meta-analysis.Current neuropharmacology · 2021Pooled it
- Can GLP-1 Be a Target for Reward System Related Disorders? A Qualitative Synthesis and Systematic Review Analysis of Studies on Palatable Food, Drugs of Abuse, and Alcohol.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- One Year of Exercise After Weight Loss Increases Postprandial GLP-1 Secretion in Contrast to Usual Activity or GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Trial
- Appetite, eating attitudes, and eating behaviours during treatment with retatrutide in adults with type 2 diabetes: Results of a phase 2 study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Trial
- Tirzepatide on ingestive behavior in adults with overweight or obesity: a randomized 6-week phase 1 trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of liraglutide on self-reported liking and neural responses to food stimuli in participants with obesity.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2023Trial
- Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide, compared to caloric restriction, on appetite, dietary intake, body fat distribution and cardiometabolic biomarkers: A randomized trial in adults with obesity and prediabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Combination therapy with exenatide decreases the dapagliflozin-induced changes in brain responses to anticipation and consumption of palatable food in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Trial
- Effects of Dapagliflozin and Combination Therapy With Exenatide on Food-Cue Induced Brain Activation in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Trial
174 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gut-derived hormones, such as GLP-1, have been proposed to relay information to the brain to regulate appetite. GLP-1 receptor agonists, currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), improve glycemic control and stimulate satiety, leading to decreases in food intake and body weight. We hypothesized that food intake reduction after GLP-1 receptor activation is mediated through appetite- and reward-related brain areas. Obese T2DM patients and normoglycemic obese and lean individuals (n = 48) were studied in a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Using functional MRI, we determined the acute effects of intravenous administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide, with or without prior GLP-1 receptor blockade using exendin 9-39, on brain responses to food pictures during a somatostatin pancreatic-pituitary clamp. Obese T2DM patients and normoglycemic obese versus lean subjects showed increased brain responses to food pictures in appetite- and reward-related brain regions (insula and amygdala). Exenatide versus placebo decreased food intake and food-related brain responses in T2DM patients and obese subjects (in insula, amygdala, putamen, and orbitofrontal cortex). These effects were largely blocked by prior GLP-1 receptor blockade using exendin 9-39. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which GLP-1 regulates food intake and how GLP-1 receptor agonists cause weight loss.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.