ReviewProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Systems vaccinology: probing humanity's diverse immune systems with vaccines.
Review in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02710045 (The Interaction Between Live and Killed Vaccines), which is not on this map. Cited by 122 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Interaction Between Live and Killed Vaccines: the Effect of the Diphtheria-tetanus-whole Cell Pertussis (DTP) Combined Vaccine on T Cell Memory Following Measles Vaccination
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 207 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of metabolic signatures of immune response following mRNA and inactivated vaccines against COVID-19: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Vaccine Strategies Against Tritrichomonas foetus Infection in Cattle: Insights, Challenges, and Prospects.Parasite immunology · 2025Pooled it
- An innate immune signature induced by AS01- or AS03-adjuvanted vaccines predicts the antibody response magnitude and quality consistently over time.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- HLA Class II GenesFrontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- Systems analysis of protective immune responses to RTS,S malaria vaccination in humans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Trial
- Review
- Newborns with sickle cell trait have distinct peripheral blood molecular signatures across the first week of life.Blood. Red cells & iron · 2026Article
- Immune Cell Signaling in Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection and Implications for Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Systems vaccinology analysis of saRNA immunization identifies an acute innate immune signature correlated with adaptive immunity.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Systems Vaccinology-Integrated Proteomics to Develop a Novel Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccine Against Human Papillomavirus 16.Bioinformatics and biology insights · 2026Article
- Innovative Single-Cell Sequencing Techniques for B cell Analysis and Their Implications for Rational HIV-1 Vaccine Design.Current HIV research · 2026Review
- Establishing long-lasting vaccine immunity: insights from mRNA and adjuvanted protein platforms.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Systems biology-based assessment of immune responses to whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Ex vivo model of functioning human lymph node reveals role for innate lymphocytes and stroma in response to vaccine adjuvant.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Antibiotic-induced gut microbiome perturbation alters the immune responses to the rabies vaccine.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Altered baseline immunological state and impaired immune response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in lung transplant recipients.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Systems Human Immunology and AI: Immune Setpoint and Immune Health.Annual review of immunology · 2025Review
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Homo sapiens are genetically diverse, but dramatic demographic and socioeconomic changes during the past century have created further diversification with respect to age, nutritional status, and the incidence of associated chronic inflammatory disorders and chronic infections. These shifting demographics pose new challenges for vaccination, as emerging evidence suggests that age, the metabolic state, and chronic infections can exert major influences on the immune system. Thus, a key public health challenge is learning how to reprogram suboptimal immune systems to induce effective vaccine immunity. Recent advances have applied systems biological analysis to define molecular signatures induced early after vaccination that correlate with and predict the later adaptive immune responses in humans. Such "systems vaccinology" approaches offer an integrated picture of the molecular networks driving vaccine immunity, and are beginning to yield novel insights about the immune system. Here we discuss the promise of systems vaccinology in probing humanity's diverse immune systems, and in delineating the impact of genes, the environment, and the microbiome on protective immunity induced by vaccination. Such insights will be critical in reengineering suboptimal immune systems in immunocompromised populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.