ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2014
A review of the pharmacological properties of insulin degludec and their clinical relevance.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 220 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of insulin glargine 300 units/mL vs insulin degludec in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Improved Nocturnal Glycaemia and Reduced Insulin Use Following Clinical Exercise Trial Participation in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes.Frontiers in public health · 2020Trial
- Heart failure with insulin degludec versus glargine U100 in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of cardiovascular disease: DEVOTE 14.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2019Trial
- Comparison of insulin glargine 300 U/mL and insulin degludec using flash glucose monitoring: A randomized cross-over study.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2019Trial
- Cost analysis of insulin degludec in comparison with insulin detemir in treatment of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in the UK.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2019Trial
- Time-action profiles of insulin degludec in healthy dogs and its effects on glycemic control in diabetic dogs.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2018Trial
- Day-to-day fasting glycaemic variability in DEVOTE: associations with severe hypoglycaemia and cardiovascular outcomes (DEVOTE 2).Diabetologia · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Insulin degludec: Lower day-to-day and within-day variability in pharmacodynamic response compared with insulin glargine 300 U/mL in type 1 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2017Trial
- Insulin degludec/insulin aspart in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Distinct prandial and basal glucose-lowering effects.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2016Trial
- A Multinational, Randomized, Open-label, Treat-to-Target Trial Comparing Insulin Degludec and Insulin Glargine in Insulin-Naïve Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Drugs in R&D · 2016Trial
- Treatment intensification with an insulin degludec (IDeg)/insulin aspart (IAsp) co-formulation twice daily compared with basal IDeg and prandial IAsp in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled phase III trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2016Trial
- Insulin degludec in combination with bolus insulin aspart is safe and effective in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Pediatric diabetes · 2015Trial
- Risk factors for kidney disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk: An exploratory analysis (DEVOTE 12).Diabetes & vascular disease researchTrial
- The Silver Jubilee (2025) of Insulin Glargine: Introducing the Era of Long-Acting Insulin Analogues for Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Real-world experience with insulin glargine U300 in pediatric type 1 diabetes: glycemic control, insulin requirements, and patient-reported outcomes.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Observational
- Factors Accounting for Pharmacodynamic Variability of Basal Insulin Preparations in Euglycemic Clamp Settings in Healthy Individuals.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Article
- Current Situation on Diabetes Management: New Weapons Fighting the Disease in 2025.Current drug targets · 2026Review
- GZR101, a Novel Premixed Insulin for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Factors associated with impaired hypoglycemia awareness in patients with type 2 diabetes in Korea: a cross-sectional study.Journal of Korean biological nursing science · 2025Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new-generation basal insulin with an ultra-long duration of action. To date, a large number of studies have been conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of IDeg. Standardised methods for collection and analysis of blood samples (for pharmacokinetic endpoints) and euglycaemic clamp procedures (for pharmacodynamic endpoints) were applied across studies to enable cross-study evaluation of important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Data show that IDeg has a half-life of >25 h [compared with ~12 h for insulin glargine (IGlar)] and reaches steady state within 3 days of administration in all patient populations investigated. The pharmacokinetic profile of IDeg demonstrates an even distribution of exposure across one dosing interval. The pharmacodynamic profile of IDeg is flat and stable, demonstrated by an even distribution of glucose-lowering effect across all four 6-h intervals in a 24-h period (one dosing day). These properties were consistently demonstrated across different type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patient populations, including those from different ethnic origins (both males and females with type 2 diabetes), the elderly, and patients with hepatic or renal impairment. IDeg has an ultra-long duration of action exceeding 42 h and demonstrates four times lower day-to-day within-subject variability in glucose-lowering effect than IGlar. This review discusses the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data accumulated thus far, and the relevance of these results from a clinical perspective.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.