ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2014
Experimental design and optimization of raloxifene hydrochloride loaded nanotransfersomes for transdermal application.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Rapid dissolving microneedle patch integrated with benidipine-loaded nanotransfersomes for transdermal drug delivery: optimization, characterizations, and preclinical bioavailability assessment.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Design, Characterization, and Wound-Healing Evaluation of Sodium Humate Transferosome-Loaded Alginate/HPMC Dermal Patches.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- miR-326 promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by targeting NAT10.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- A two-stage transdermal drug delivery system comprising sono-phase-change transfersomes for non-invasive deep dermal delivery.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Multitarget Design of Steroidal Inhibitors Against Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer: An Integrated In Silico Approach.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Development of Rapidly Dissolving Microneedles Integrated with Valsartan-Loaded Nanoliposomes for Transdermal Drug Delivery: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Liposomal Nanocarriers to Enhance Skin Delivery of Chemotherapeutics in Cancer Therapy.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Transfersomes: Recent Advances, Mechanisms, Exhaustive Applications, Clinical Trials, and Patents.Current drug delivery · 2025Review
- Innovations in Skin Cancer Nanotechnology: A Comprehensive Review.Pharmaceutical nanotechnology · 2025Review
- Identification of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Genes in Osteoporosis Pathogenesis.Mediators of inflammation · 2025Article
- Overcoming Skin Barrier with Transfersomes: Opportunities, Challenges, and Applications.Current drug delivery · 2025Review
- From lab to industrial development of lipid nanocarriers using quality by design approach.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2024Review
- Fabrication of an In Situ pH-Responsive Raloxifene-Loaded Invasome Hydrogel for Breast Cancer Management: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Development of Gentamicin Bilosomes LadenAdvanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2024Article
- Rutin-Loaded Transethosomal Gel for Topical Application: A Comprehensive Analysis of Skin Permeation and Antimicrobial Efficacy.ACS omega · 2024Article
- A landscape of recent advances in lipid nanoparticles and their translational potential for the treatment of solid tumors.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2024Review
- Development and Evaluation of Nano-Vesicular Emulsion-Based Gel as a Promising Approach for Dermal Atorvastatin Delivery Against Inflammation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- DOE-Assisted Formulation, Optimization, and Characterization of Tioconazole-Loaded Transferosomal Hydrogel for the Effective Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Transfersome Encapsulated with the R-carvedilol Enantiomer for Skin Cancer Chemoprevention.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Raloxifene hydrochloride, a highly effective drug for the treatment of invasive breast cancer and osteoporosis in post-menopausal women, shows poor oral bioavailability of 2%. The aim of this study was to develop, statistically optimize, and characterize raloxifene hydrochloride-loaded transfersomes for transdermal delivery, in order to overcome the poor bioavailability issue with the drug. A response surface methodology experimental design was applied for the optimization of transfersomes, using Box-Behnken experimental design. Phospholipon(®) 90G, sodium deoxycholate, and sonication time, each at three levels, were selected as independent variables, while entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, and transdermal flux were identified as dependent variables. The formulation was characterized by surface morphology and shape, particle size, and zeta potential. Ex vivo transdermal flux was determined using a Hanson diffusion cell assembly, with rat skin as a barrier medium. Transfersomes from the optimized formulation were found to have spherical, unilamellar structures, with a homogeneous distribution and low polydispersity index (0.08). They had a particle size of 134±9 nM, with an entrapment efficiency of 91.00%±4.90%, and transdermal flux of 6.5±1.1 μg/cm(2)/hour. Raloxifene hydrochloride-loaded transfersomes proved significantly superior in terms of amount of drug permeated and deposited in the skin, with enhancement ratios of 6.25±1.50 and 9.25±2.40, respectively, when compared with drug-loaded conventional liposomes, and an ethanolic phosphate buffer saline. Differential scanning calorimetry study revealed a greater change in skin structure, compared with a control sample, during the ex vivo drug diffusion study. Further, confocal laser scanning microscopy proved an enhanced permeation of coumarin-6-loaded transfersomes, to a depth of approximately160 μM, as compared with rigid liposomes. These ex vivo findings proved that a raloxifene hydrochloride-loaded transfersome formulation could be a superior alternative to oral delivery of the drug.
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