SynthesisPloS one2014
Effect of maternal body mass index on hormones in breast milk: a systematic review.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 67 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of an Immediate-postpartum Support by IBCLC to Women With Obesity, on Breastfeeding Performance: A Randomized Trial.
Breast Milk Hormones and Early Infant Growth of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- The association between maternal factors and milk hormone concentrations: a systematic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Relationships between the Intakes of Human Milk Components and Body Composition of Breastfed Infants: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- The Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Mendelian randomisation approaches to the study of prenatal exposures: A systematic review.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- The impact of maternal obesity on human milk macronutrient composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Postnatal Leptin Levels Correlate with Breast Milk Leptin Content in Infants Born before 32 Weeks Gestation.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- High-Fructose Corn-Syrup-Sweetened Beverage Intake Increases 5-Hour Breast Milk Fructose Concentrations in Lactating Women.Nutrients · 2018Trial
- Metabolic health conditions in pregnancy, human milk hormone concentrations, and infant adiposity.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Adipokines and Growth Factors in Preterm and Term Breast Milk and Their Role in Infant Growth.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- The Association of Human Milk Appetite-Regulating Hormones with Infant Growth and Eating Behaviors to Age Six Months.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Maternal Determinants of Human Milk Leptin and Their Associations with Neonatal Growth Parameters.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Resistin as Modulator of Functional Activity of Phagocytes in Colostrum and Blood of Overweight and Obese Mothers.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Adipocytokine profiles in maternal obesity: The impact of lipoinflammation on serum, breastmilk, and infant metabolic development.Clinical pediatric endocrinology : case reports and clinical investigations : official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Maternal Factors, Breast Anatomy, and Milk Production During Established Lactation-An Ultrasound Investigation.Journal of imaging · 2025Article
- Human milk cortisol is inversely associated with infant BMI and mediates the association between maternal plasma and infant salivary cortisol concentrations.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Observational
- Influence of Maternal Glycemia on Breast Milk Composition and Volume Ingested by Infants of Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding in Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes: Impact of Maternal Glycemia on Breast Milk Composition.Diabetes care · 2025Article
- Mediterranean Diet Outcomes Across the Mother-Milk-Infant Triad: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Protocol: the International Milk Composition (IMiC) Consortium - a harmonized secondary analysis of human milk from four studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMaternal Body Mass Index (BMI) is positively associated with infant obesity risk. Breast milk contains a number of hormones that may influence infant metabolism during the neonatal period; these may have additional downstream effects on infant appetite regulatory pathways, thereby influencing propensity towards obesity in later life.
objectiveTo conduct a systematic review of studies examining the association between maternal BMI and the concentration of appetite-regulating hormones in breast milk.
methodPubmed was searched for studies reporting the association between maternal BMI and leptin, adiponectin, insulin, ghrelin, resistin, obestatin, Peptide YY and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 in breast milk.
resultsTwenty six studies were identified and included in the systematic review. There was a high degree of variability between studies with regard to collection, preparation and analysis of breast milk samples. Eleven of fifteen studies reporting breast milk leptin found a positive association between maternal BMI and milk leptin concentration. Two of nine studies investigating adiponectin found an association between maternal BMI and breast milk adiponectin concentration; however significance was lost in one study following adjustment for time post-partum. No association was seen between maternal BMI and milk adiponectin in the other seven studies identified. Evidence for an association between other appetite regulating hormones and maternal BMI was either inconclusive, or lacking.
conclusionsA positive association between maternal BMI and breast milk leptin concentration is consistently found in most studies, despite variable methodology. Evidence for such an association with breast milk adiponectin concentration, however, is lacking with additional research needed for other hormones including insulin, ghrelin, resistin, obestatin, peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1. As most current studies have been conducted with small sample sizes, future studies should ensure adequate sample sizes and standardized methodology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.