Trial reportDiabetes2015
Exenatide Protects Against Glucose- and Lipid-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Evidence for Direct Vasodilation Effect of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Humans.
Trial report in Diabetes, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 164 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiovascular risk reduction with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists is proportional to HbA1c lowering in type 2 diabetes: An updated meta-regression analysis incorporating FLOW and SOUL trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Sex differences in the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular and renal outcome trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of weight control interventions on cardiovascular outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of antihyperglycemic therapies on cardiovascular and heart failure outcomes: an updated meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of 35 randomized cardiovascular outcome trials.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2023Pooled it
- GLP-1RAs caused gastrointestinal adverse reactions of drug withdrawal: a system review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Comparative Renal Effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on Individual Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2021Pooled it
- Dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017 · on this mapPooled it
- Acute GIP and GLP-1 Administration Exerts Differential Metabolic Effects in Totally Pancreatectomised Individuals.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Oral semaglutide improves postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and delays gastric emptying, in subjects with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021Trial
- The Effect of Exenatide Once Weekly on Carotid Atherosclerosis in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: An 18-Month Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.Diabetes care · 2021Trial
- Acute Exenatide Therapy Attenuates Postprandial Vasodilation in Humans with Prediabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Metabolic syndrome and related disorders · 2020Trial
- Effect of Liraglutide on Cardiovascular Function and Myocardial Tissue Characteristics in Type 2 Diabetes Patients of South Asian Descent Living in the Netherlands: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2020Trial
- Locally delivered GLP-1 analogues liraglutide and exenatide enhance microvascular perfusion in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2019Trial
- Sitagliptin improves diastolic cardiac function but not cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with type 2 diabetes.Journal of diabetes and its complications · 2019Trial
- Effect of liraglutide on cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: randomized placebo-controlled trial.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2019Trial
- Predictors and correlates of systolic blood pressure reduction with liraglutide treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Trial
- Effects of exenatide on cardiac function, perfusion, and energetics in type 2 diabetic patients with cardiomyopathy: a randomized controlled trial against insulin glargine.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2017Trial
- Exenatide improves diastolic function and attenuates arterial stiffness but does not alter exercise capacity in individuals with type 2 diabetes.Journal of diabetes and its complications · 2017Trial
- Article
- Endothelial Cells at the Crossroad of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Unifying Target for Dual Treatment.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2026Review
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists may improve endothelial function (EF) via metabolic improvement and direct vascular action. The current study determined the effect of GLP-1R agonist exenatide on postprandial EF in type 2 diabetes and the mechanisms underlying GLP-1R agonist-mediated vasodilation. Two crossover studies were conducted: 36 participants with type 2 diabetes received subcutaneous exenatide or placebo for 11 days and EF, and glucose and lipid responses to breakfast and lunch were determined; and 32 participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diet-controlled type 2 diabetes had EF measured before and after intravenous exenatide, with or without the GLP-1R antagonist exendin-9. Mechanisms of GLP-1R agonist action were studied ex vivo on human subcutaneous adipose tissue arterioles and endothelial cells. Subcutaneous exenatide increased postprandial EF independent of reductions in plasma glucose and triglycerides. Intravenous exenatide increased fasting EF, and exendin-9 abolished this effect. Exenatide elicited eNOS activation and NO production in endothelial cells, and induced dose-dependent vasorelaxation and reduced high-glucose or lipid-induced endothelial dysfunction in arterioles ex vivo. These effects were reduced with AMPK inhibition. In conclusion, exenatide augmented postprandial EF in subjects with diabetes and prevented high-glucose and lipid-induced endothelial dysfunction in human arterioles. These effects were largely direct, via GLP-1R and AMPK activation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.