ReviewFrontiers in oncology2015
OX40 Agonists and Combination Immunotherapy: Putting the Pedal to the Metal.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 134 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 238 citations in OpenAlex.
- In or out of control: Modulating regulatory T cell homeostasis and function with immune checkpoint pathways.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Resisting Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Therapy: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- OX40/OX40L modulation: A target for regulating T cells in cutaneous inflammatory disorders.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2026Review
- Review
- Immunogenic tumor cell death and T-cell-derived IFN-γ elicit tumoricidal macrophages to potentiate OX40 immunotherapy.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Immune Checkpoints and Tumor Microenvironment Modulation in Cancer Immunotherapy.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- The tumor microenvironment as a key regulator of radiotherapy response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- In vitro models to mimic tumor endothelial cell-mediated immune cell reprogramming in lung adenocarcinoma.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Article
- Dual targeting OX40 and IL-2 receptor enhances antitumor activity through tumor-infiltrating Treg depletion and CD8Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Immune evasion in cancer: mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Generation of novel human anti-OX-40 mAbs endowed with different biological properties as tools for cancer therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Bio-functional hydrogel coated membranes to decrease T-cell exhaustion in manufacturing of CAR T-cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Unmasking the potential: mechanisms of neuroinflammatory modulation by oncolytic viruses in glioblastoma.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2025Review
- Enhanced Antitumor Immunity Through T Cell Activation with Optimized Tandem Double-OX40L mRNAs.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Combining immune checkpoints with TNFSF agonists: a new horizon for cancer and autoimmune therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Innovative Therapies Targeting Drug-Resistant Biomarkers in Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC).International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- SHR-1806, a robust OX40 agonist to promote T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.Cancer biology & therapy · 2024Article
- Impact of isotype on the mechanism of action of agonist anti-OX40 antibodies in cancer: implications for therapeutic combinations.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- Establishment and validation of a novel disulfidptosis-related immune checkpoint gene signature in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Discover oncology · 2024Article
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy, a class of cancer treatments that utilize the patient's own immune system to destroy cancerous cells. Within a tumor the presence of a family of negative regulatory molecules, collectively known as "checkpoint inhibitors," can inhibit T cell function to suppress anti-tumor immunity. Checkpoint inhibitors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, attenuate T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Targeted blockade of CTLA-4 or PD-1 with antagonist monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) releases the "brakes" on T cells to boost anti-tumor immunity. Generating optimal "killer" CD8 T cell responses also requires T cell receptor activation plus co-stimulation, which can be provided through ligation of tumor necrosis factor receptor family members, including OX40 (CD134) and 4-1BB (CD137). OX40 is of particular interest as treatment with an activating (agonist) anti-OX40 mAb augments T cell differentiation and cytolytic function leading to enhanced anti-tumor immunity against a variety of tumors. When used as single agents, these drugs can induce potent clinical and immunologic responses in patients with metastatic disease. However, each of these agents only benefits a subset of patients, highlighting the critical need for more effective combinatorial therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which OX40 agonists synergize with checkpoint inhibitor blockade to augment T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity and the potential opportunities for clinical translation of combinatorial immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.