SynthesisBMC public health2015
Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 109 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Saving Babies' Lives Project Impact and Results Evaluation: a Mixed Methodology Study
The Effect of Smoking Cessation Intervention in Pregnancy According to the Web-Based Transtheoretic Model on Postpartum Smoking Relapse
Who cites it
109 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Secondhand smoke exposure and human health: an umbrella review.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- Evidence-based behaviour change techniques to aid smoking cessation for pregnant women with mental illness: a systematic review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of maternal education on maternal and perinatal outcomes: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 2 356 402 pregnancies.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Pooled it
- Acute association between heatwaves and stillbirth in six US states.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Pooled it
- Health outcomes of smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period: an umbrella review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- The association between active tobacco use during pregnancy and growth outcomes of children under five years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2018Pooled it
- Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of breast cancer in nonsmoking women. An updated review and meta-analysis.Inhalation toxicology · 2016Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes versus nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.Nature medicine · 2022Trial
- Causes and risk factors for singleton stillbirth in Japan: Analysis of a nationwide perinatal database, 2013-2014.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- Risk of neonatal and childhood morbidity among preterm infants exposed to marijuana.The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2017Trial
- Promotion of long-term health in early life.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Healthcare professionals' experiences of supporting pregnant women with mental illness with their smoking behaviors: a qualitative study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Smoking and drinking among the Gypsy and Traveller communities: A population study in England.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Observational
- Multigenerational smoking during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth: a population-based 3-generation cohort study.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Perinatal outcomes of pregnant adolescents in rural Japan: a retrospective cohort study at a comprehensive perinatal center.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
49 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSmoking in pregnancy is known to be associated with a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet there is a high prevalence of smoking among pregnant women in many countries, and it remains a major public health concern. We have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide contemporary estimates of the association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and the risk of stillbirth.
methodsWe searched four databases namely MEDLINE, EMBASE, Psych Info and Web of Science for all relevant original studies published until 31(st) December 2012. We included observational studies that measured the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of stillbirth.
results1766 studies were screened for title analysis, of which 34 papers (21 cohorts, 8 case controls and 5 cross sectional studies) met the inclusion criteria. In meta-analysis smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with a 47% increase in the odds of stillbirth (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.37, 1.57, p < 0.0001). In subgroup analysis, smoking 1-9 cig/day and ≥10 cig/day was associated with an 9% and 52% increase in the odds of stillbirth respectively. Subsequently, studies defining stillbirth at ≥ 20 weeks demonstrated a 43% increase in odds for smoking mothers compared to mothers who do not smoke, (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.32, 1.54, p < 0.0001), whereas studies with stillbirth defined at ≥ 24 weeks and ≥ 28 weeks showed 58% and 33% increase in the odds of stillbirth respectively.
conclusionOur review confirms a dose-response effect of maternal smoking in pregnancy on risk of stillbirth. To minimise the risk of stillbirth, reducing current smoking prevalence in pregnancy should continue to be a key public health high priority.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.