ReviewMedical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre2015
Metformin: An Old Drug for the Treatment of Diabetes but a New Drug for the Protection of the Endothelium.
Review in Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,524 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiovascular Effectiveness and Safety of Antidiabetic Drugs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Peripheral Artery Disease: Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Pooled it
- AMPK-mediated modulation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling in asthma: a promising target for controlling airway inflammation and remodeling.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Metformin suppresses MEN1-associated pancreatic and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: evidence from mouse models and clinical data.Endocrine-related cancer · 2026Article
- Metformin and Myo-Inositol: A Comparative Analysis.Gynecologic and obstetric investigation · 2026Review
- Article
- Redox Homeostasis in Metabolic Syndrome and Type II Diabetes: Role of Skeletal Muscle and Impact of Gold-Standard Treatments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Beyond Glycemic Control: Vascular Biologic Effects of Antidiabetic Drugs and Their Cardiovascular Promise.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Effects of metformin treatment on the risk of acute myocardial infarction.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dual delivery of metformin and Y15 from a PLGA scaffold for the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.Future medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue: One or Different Targets for Treatment of Obesity and Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Metformin attenuates high-carbohydrate diet-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in Megalobrama amblycephala.Fish physiology and biochemistry · 2024Article
- Metformin: Beyond Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Cureus · 2024Review
- Energy Metabolism and Metformin: Effects on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplantation.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Patient In-Use Stability Testing of FDA-Approved Metformin Combination Products for N-Nitrosamine Impurity.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2024Article
- Repurposing Metformin for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: Current Insights.Vascular health and risk management · 2024Review
- Exploring the Biological Effects of Anti-Diabetic Vanadium Compounds in the Liver, Heart and Brain.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Review
- Brazil nut (Food & nutrition research · 2024Article
- Combined Administration of Metformin and Vitamin D: A Futuristic Approach for Management of Hyperglycemia.Cardiovascular & hematological agents in medicinal chemistry · 2024Review
- Small-Molecule Loaded Biomimetic Biphasic Scaffold for Osteochondral Regeneration: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The anti-diabetic and oral hypoglycaemic agent metformin, first used clinically in 1958, is today the first choice or 'gold standard' drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary disease. Of particular importance for the treatment of diabetes, metformin affords protection against diabetes-induced vascular disease. In addition, retrospective analyses suggest that treatment with metformin provides therapeutic benefits to patients with several forms of cancer. Despite almost 60 years of clinical use, the precise cellular mode(s) of action of metformin remains controversial. A direct or indirect role of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the fuel gauge of the cell, has been inferred in many studies, with evidence that activation of AMPK may result from a mild inhibitory effect of metformin on mitochondrial complex 1, which in turn would raise AMP and activate AMPK. Discrepancies, however, between the concentrations of metformin used in in vitro studies versus therapeutic levels suggest that caution should be applied before extending inferences derived from cell-based studies to therapeutic benefits seen in patients. Conceivably, the effects, or some of them, may be at least partially independent of AMPK and/or mitochondrial respiration and reflect a direct effect of either metformin or a minor and, as yet, unidentified putative metabolite of metformin on a target protein(s)/signalling cascade. In this review, we critically evaluate the data from studies that have investigated the pharmacokinetic properties and the cellular and clinical basis for the oral hypoglycaemic, insulin-sensitising and vascular protective effects of metformin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.