Trial reportThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2015
Timing of Estradiol Treatment After Menopause May Determine Benefit or Harm to Insulin Action.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Menopause hormone therapy and type 2 diabetes risk and prognosis: systematic review and meta-analyses.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Impact of Menopause and Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Liver-Kidney-Metabolic Health.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Menopause and Menopause Hormone Therapy: A Review and Contemporary Approach to Risk Assessment.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Review
- Metabolic effects of late-onset estradiol replacement in high-fat-fed ovariectomized mice.Current research in physiology · 2025Article
- Metabolic impact of endogenously produced estrogens by adipose tissue in females and males across the lifespan.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Deciphering the role of classical oestrogen receptor in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus: From molecular mechanism to clinical evidence.BioImpacts : BI · 2025Review
- Cross-Species Modeling Identifies Gene Signatures in Type 2 Diabetes Mouse Models Predictive of Inflammatory and Estrogen Signaling Pathways Associated with Alzheimer's Disease Outcomes in Humans.Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing · 2025Article
- Metabolic complications of psychotropic medications in psychiatric disorders: Emerging role ofWorld journal of psychiatry · 2024Review
- Hormones and Aging: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- Sex Hormones and Diabetes in 45- to 74-year-old Men and Postmenopausal Women: The Hispanic Community Health Study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- Estrogens in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity-Related Dysfunction.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Timing Matters: Effects of Early and Late Estrogen Replacement Therapy on Glucose Metabolism and Vascular Reactivity in Ovariectomized Aged Wistar Rats.Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS · 2023Article
- Treating menopause - MHT and beyond.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2022Review
- Reproductive Life Span and Severe Hypoglycemia Risk in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2022Article
- Role of Estrogen and Its Receptors in Adipose Tissue Glucose Metabolism in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Article
- Interactions between estradiol, diabetes, and brain aging and the risk for cognitive impairment.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2021Review
- Association between Coronary Artery Spasm and the risk of incident Diabetes: A Nationwide population-based Cohort Study.International journal of medical sciences · 2021Article
- Sex Differences in Adipose Tissue Function.Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America · 2020Review
- Influence of Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters.BioResearch open access · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
contextType 2 diabetes (T2D) is reduced in postmenopausal women randomized to estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) compared with placebo. Insulin sensitivity is a key determinant of T2D risk and overall cardiometabolic health, and studies indicate that estradiol (E2) directly impacts insulin action.
objectiveWe hypothesized that the timing of E2 administration after menopause is an important determinant of its effect on insulin action.
designWe performed a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study.
participantsStudy participants were early postmenopausal (EPM; ≤ 6 years of final menses; n = 22) and late postmenopausal (LPM; ≥ 10 years since last menses; n = 24) women naive to HT.
interventionStudy interventions included short-term (1 week) transdermal E2 and placebo. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The study's main outcome was insulin-mediated glucose disposal (glucose disposal rate [GDR]) via hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp.
resultsCompared to EPM women, LPM women were older (mean ± SD; 63 ± 3 vs 56 ± 4 years, P < .05) and more years past menopause (12 ± 2 vs 3 ± 2 years, P < .05). Body mass index (24 ± 3 vs 25 ± 7 kg/m(2)) and fat mass (25 ± 7 vs 23 ± 6 kg) did not differ between groups, but fat-free mass (FFM) was lower in LPM women compared to EPM women (40 ± 4 vs 43 ± 5 kg, P < .05). Baseline GDR did not differ between groups (11.7 ± 2.8 vs 11.5 ± 2.9 mg/kg FFM/min). In support of our hypothesis, 1 week of E2 decreased GDR in LPM women compared to an increase in EPM women (+0.44 ± 1.7 vs - 0.76 ± 2.1 mg/kg FFM/min, P < .05).
conclusionsThere was not an apparent decline in GDR with age or time since menopause per se. However, E2 action on GDR was dependent on time since menopause, such that there was an apparent benefit early (≤ 6 years) compared to harm later (≥ 10 years) in menopause. E2-mediated effects on insulin action may be one mechanism by which HT reduces the incidence of T2D in early postmenopausal women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.