ReviewNature reviews. Endocrinology2015
Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences.
Review in Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02933645 (Effects of Intranasal Insulin Administration on Tissue Specific Insulin Sensitivity), which is not on this map. Cited by 108 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Intranasal Insulin Administration on Tissue Specific Insulin Sensitivity
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 239 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between thyroid function and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review.Metabolic brain disease · 2021Pooled it
- Exercise restores brain insulin sensitivity in sedentary adults who are overweight and obese.JCI insight · 2022Trial
- Metabolic and Neurocognitive Changes Following Lifestyle Modification: Examination of Biomarkers from the ENLIGHTEN Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Associations of Brain Reactivity to Food Cues with Weight Loss, Protein Intake and Dietary Restraint during the PREVIEW Intervention.Nutrients · 2018Trial
- Intranasal insulin enhances brain functional connectivity mediating the relationship between adiposity and subjective feeling of hunger.Scientific reports · 2017Trial
- Brain responses to food cue viewing in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- From brain bioenergetics to hypothalamic glucoregulation: A shared-systems hypothesis for intrinsic dysglycemia in schizophrenia.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- fNIRS estimates prefrontal cortex activation following glucose load in youths with obesity.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- An engineered insulin analog with dual insulin and IGF-1 receptor agonism and distinct signaling.Science advances · 2026Article
- Insulin Resistance as a Shared Pathophysiological Driver in Neurological Disorders: a Narrative Review.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- GLP-1 receptor agonists in neurological diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects from metabolism to neuroprotection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Daytime sleepiness and specific food cravings: The moderating role of insulin sensitivity.PloS one · 2026Article
- BACE1 Inhibition Protects Against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Restoring Insulin Receptor in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Exploring the association between hemoglobin glycation index and cognitive function in older adults with hypertension: a cross-sectional study.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Hypothalamic neuronal-glial crosstalk in metabolic disease.npj metabolic health and disease · 2024Review
- Chemokine CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) Signaling and Diabetic Encephalopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Psychometric evaluation of three-factor eating questionnaire -R18 in aging Finnish men with increased risk for type 2 diabetes.Nutrition and health · 2024Article
- Oral peptide therapeutics for diabetes treatment: State-of-the-art and future perspectives.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- Global, neuronal or β cell-specific deletion of inceptor improves glucose homeostasis in male mice with diet-induced obesity.Nature metabolism · 2024Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the past few years, evidence has accumulated that the human brain is an insulin-sensitive organ. Insulin regulates activity in a limited number of specific brain areas that are important for memory, reward, eating behaviour and the regulation of whole-body metabolism. Accordingly, insulin in the brain modulates cognition, food intake and body weight as well as whole-body glucose, energy and lipid metabolism. However, brain imaging studies have revealed that not everybody responds equally to insulin and that a substantial number of people are brain insulin resistant. In this Review, we provide an overview of the effects of insulin in the brain in humans and the relevance of the effects for physiology. We present emerging evidence for insulin resistance of the human brain. Factors associated with brain insulin resistance such as obesity and increasing age, as well as possible pathogenic factors such as visceral fat, saturated fatty acids, alterations at the blood-brain barrier and certain genetic polymorphisms, are reviewed. In particular, the metabolic consequences of brain insulin resistance are discussed and possible future approaches to overcome brain insulin resistance and thereby prevent or treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are outlined.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.