ReviewExercise immunology review
Muscle atrophy in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: roles of inflammatory pathways, physical activity and exercise.
Review in Exercise immunology review. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 144 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
144 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 238 citations in OpenAlex.
- Therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine on diabetic sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of the Influence on Inflammatory Factors in Type 2 Diabetes among Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients by Various Exercise Modalities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Bispecific GLP-1/GLP-2 agonism in advanced type 2 diabetes: preclinical characterization and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of different intensities of functional training in elderly type 2 diabetes patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot randomised controlled trial.BMC geriatrics · 2024Trial
- Altered muscle oxidative phenotype impairs exercise tolerance but does not improve after exercise training in multiple sclerosis.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2022Trial
- Effect of performing high-intensity interval training and resistance training on the same day vs. different days in women with type 2 diabetes.European journal of applied physiology · 2022Trial
- Shared mechanisms of musculoskeletal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Insights into future therapeutic directions (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Exercise remodels the skeletal muscle immune microenvironment to ameliorate type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced muscle atrophy: From immunometabolism to organ crosstalk.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- The hallmarks of skeletal muscle health.Nature metabolism · 2026Review
- Article
- The Role of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on Peripheral Nerves and Skeletal Muscle Function in Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · 2026Review
- Interplay between sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes: mechanisms, implications, and therapeutic prospects.Nutrition & diabetes · 2026Review
- Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study.Metabolism open · 2026Article
- Nanotechnology-mediated strategies for skeletal muscle repair and regeneration: targeted intervention, functional remodeling, and translational challenges.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Liraglutide ameliorates diabetic lung injury and muscle damage via modulation of TLR4/NF-κB and Atrogin-1/AMPK signaling pathways.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- MR2G: A novel framework for causal network inference using GWAS summary data.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Muscle Atrophy-Related Adverse Events of Antidiabetic Drug Classes: A Pharmacovigilance Analysis Using VigiBase Data.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- How Acute and Chronic Exercise Regulate Muscle Atrophic Genes to Mitigate Sarcopenia: A Narrative Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Parthenolide Attenuates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Through Regulation of Protein Homeostasis and Inhibition of Inflammation.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a predictive model for sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes based on the synergistic mechanism of insulin resistance and inflammation.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
84 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Muscle atrophy is caused by an imbalance in contractile protein synthesis and degradation which can be triggered by various conditions including Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Reduced muscle quality in patients with T2DM adversely affects muscle function, the capacity to perform activities of daily living, quality of life and ultimately may increase the risk of premature mortality. Systemic inflammation initiated by obesity and prolonged overnutrition not only contributes to insulin resistance typical of T2DM, but also promotes muscle atrophy via decreased muscle protein synthesis and increased ubiquitin-proteasome, lysosomal-proteasome and caspase 3- mediated protein degradation. Emerging evidence suggests that the inflammation-sensitive Nuclear Factor κ B (NF-κB) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways may contribute to muscle atrophy in T2DM. In contrast, exercise appears to be an effective tool in promoting muscle hypertrophy, in part due to its effect on systemic and local (skeletal muscle) inflammation. The current review discusses the role inflammation plays in muscle atrophy in T2DM and the role of exercise training in minimising the effect of inflammatory markers on skeletal muscle. We also report original data from a cohort of obese patients with T2DM compared to age-matched controls and demonstrate that patients with T2DM have 60% higher skeletal muscle expression of the atrophy transcription factor FoxO1. This review concludes that inflammatory pathways in muscle, in particular, NF-κB, potentially contribute to T2DM-mediated muscle atrophy. Further in-vivo and longitudinal human research is required to better understand the role of inflammation in T2DM-mediated atrophy and the anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training under these conditions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
26859514PMC5545118W2410431959What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.