ArticleThe Biochemical journal2016
Structure of Gremlin-1 and analysis of its interaction with BMP-2.
Article in The Biochemical journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of a prognostic risk model for clear cell renal cell carcinoma by systematic evaluation of DNA methylation markers.Clinical epigenetics · 2021Pooled it
- Gremlin-1 Drives Tumour Vascularization by Promoting Endothelial Differentiation and Angiogenesis.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Nutrient-Derived Modulation of the Gremlin-1/BMP-4 Axis by White Tea Preserves Insulin Sensitivity During Early Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysregulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A paracrine-to-autocrine shunt of GREM1 fuels colorectal cancer metastasis via ACVR1C.Molecular cancer · 2026Article
- Functional Food Potential of White Tea from East Black Sea Region: Targeting GREM1 Expression and Metabolic Dysregulation in Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Relevance of porcine intestinal organoids as a surrogate for animal experimentation: application to the investigation of host-virus interactions during porcine coronavirus infection.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Pathophysiological mechanisms of hair follicle regeneration and potential therapeutic strategies.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Review
- Ex.50.T aptamer impairs tumor-stroma cross-talk in breast cancer by targeting gremlin-1.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- The Genetic and Biological Basis of Pseudoarthrosis in Fractures: Current Understanding and Future Directions.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Gremlin1: a BMP antagonist with therapeutic potential in Oncology.Investigational new drugs · 2024Review
- Gremlin-2 is a novel tumor suppressor that negatively regulates ID1 in breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Gremlin-1 as a therapeutic target in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.eLife · 2024Article
- Expression of Osteopontin and Gremlin 1 Proteins in Cardiomyocytes in Ischemic Heart Failure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Senescence-Associated Alterations in Matrisome of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Gremlin-1 in pregnancy and postpartum: relation to the fatty liver index, markers of bone health, glucose metabolism and gestational diabetes mellitus status.Acta diabetologica · 2023Article
- GREM1 signaling in cancer: tumor promotor and suppressor?Journal of cell communication and signaling · 2023Article
- GREM1, LRPPRC and SLC39A4 as potential biomarkers of intervertebral disc degeneration: a bioinformatics analysis based on multiple microarray and single-cell sequencing data.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2023Article
- GREM1 is a potential biomarker for the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer.World journal of surgical oncology · 2023Article
- Identification and verification of a BMPs-related gene signature for osteosarcoma prognosis prediction.BMC cancer · 2023Article
- Comparison between articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells for the production of articular cartilage implants.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling family and has a very broad biological role in development. Its signalling is regulated by many effectors: transmembrane proteins, membrane-attached proteins and soluble secreted antagonists such as Gremlin-1. Very little is known about the molecular mechanism by which Gremlin-1 and other DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family proteins inhibit BMP signalling. We analysed the interaction of Gremlin-1 with BMP-2 using a range of biophysical techniques, and used mutagenesis to map the binding site on BMP-2. We have also determined the crystal structure of Gremlin-1, revealing a similar conserved dimeric structure to that seen in other DAN family inhibitors. Measurements using biolayer interferometry (BLI) indicate that Gremlin-1 and BMP-2 can form larger complexes, beyond the expected 1:1 stoichiometry of dimers, forming oligomers that assemble in alternating fashion. These results suggest that inhibition of BMP-2 by Gremlin-1 occurs by a mechanism that is distinct from other known inhibitors such as Noggin and Chordin and we propose a novel model of BMP-2-Gremlin-1 interaction yet not seen among any BMP antagonists, and cannot rule out that several different oligomeric states could be found, depending on the concentration of the two proteins.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.