Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27052923›Full record

SynthesisNutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD2016

Habitual chocolate consumption and the risk of incident heart failure among healthy men and women.

C S Kwok, Y K Loke, A A Welch, R N Luben, M A H Lentjes, S M Boekholdt, R Pfister, M A Mamas, N J Wareham, K-T Khaw and 1 more

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Trial
  7. Chocolate, "Food of the Gods": History, Science, and Human Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

C S KwokSchool of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom; Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
Y K LokeDepartment of Population Health & Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
A A WelchDepartment of Population Health & Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
R N LubenDepartment of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
M A H LentjesDepartment of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
S M BoekholdtDepartment of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
R PfisterDepartment III of Internal Medicine, Heart Centre of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
M A MamasKeele Cardiovascular Research Group, Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
N J WarehamMedical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
K-T KhawDepartment of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
P K MyintSchool of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom. Electronic address: phyo.myint@abdn.ac.uk.

Funding

Cancer Research UKMedical Research Council G0401527Medical Research Council MC_U106179471Medical Research Council MC_UU_12015/1Medical Research Council MR/N003284/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWe aimed to examine the association between chocolate intake and the risk of incident heart failure in a UK general population. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify this association. METHODS AND

resultsWe used data from a prospective population-based study, the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort. Chocolate intake was quantified based on a food frequency questionnaire obtained at baseline (1993-1997) and incident heart failure was ascertained up to March 2009. We supplemented the primary data with a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies which evaluated risk of incident heart failure with chocolate consumption. A total of 20,922 participants (53% women; mean age 58 ± 9 years) were included of whom 1101 developed heart failure during the follow up (mean 12.5 ± 2.7 years, total person years 262,291 years). After adjusting for lifestyle and dietary factors, we found 19% relative reduction in heart failure incidence in the top (up to 100 g/d) compared to the bottom quintile of chocolate consumption (HR 0.81 95%CI 0.66-0.98) but the results were no longer significant after controlling for comorbidities (HR 0.87 95%CI 0.71-1.06). Additional adjustment for potential mediators did not attenuate the results further. We identified five relevant studies including the current study (N = 75,408). The pooled results showed non-significant 19% relative risk reduction of heart failure incidence with higher chocolate consumption (HR 0.81 95%CI 0.66-1.01).

conclusionsOur results suggest that higher chocolate intake is not associated with subsequent incident heart failure.

Indexed as

CandyChocolateFeeding BehaviorAgedEnglandFemaleHealthy VolunteersHeart FailureHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsTime FactorsChocolateCocoaEpidemiologyHeart failureMeta-analysis

Identifiers

PMID27052923
PMCPMC4987462

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.