ArticleMenopause (New York, N.Y.)2017
Reproductive history and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women: findings from the Women's Health Initiative.
Article in Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of puberty timing with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Relationships between intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and timing of smoking with age at menopause: A pooled analysis of individual data from 17 observational studies.PLoS medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Androgens, Irregular Menses, and Risk of Diabetes and Coronary Artery Calcification in the Diabetes Prevention Program.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2018Trial
- Impaired glucose tolerance in women with BRCA1 versus BRCA2 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants: Results from a prospective cohort study.Familial cancer · 2026Article
- Age at menarche and general and abdominal obesity in older Brazilian women: ELSI-Brazil.Revista de saude publica · 2026Article
- Review
- Menopause and Diabetes Risk Along with Trajectory of β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity: A Community-Based Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Age at Menopause and Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Korea.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Association of age at menopause with type 2 diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review · 2024Review
- The Role of Estrogen across Multiple Disease Mechanisms.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Sleep Characteristics are Associated with Risk of Treated Diabetes Among Postmenopausal Women.The American journal of medicine · 2024Article
- Menopausal Hormone Therapy in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Review.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2024Review
- Menarche age and the risk of diabetes: A cross-sectional study in South-Eastern Iran.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Research progress on FSH-FSHR signaling in the pathogenesis of non-reproductive diseases.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
- Article
- Obesity-Related Factors in Adult Women with Early Menarche.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Associations between Upper and Lower Body Muscle Strength and Diabetes among Midlife Women.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The interplay between diabetes mellitus and menopause: clinical implications.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2022Review
- Cumulative Endogenous Estrogen Exposure Is Associated With Postmenopausal Fracture Risk: The Women's Health Initiative Study.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2022Article
- Asian Best Practices for Care of Diabetes in Elderly (ABCDE).The review of diabetic studies : RDS · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of the study was to understand the association between women's reproductive history and their risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that characteristics signifying lower cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure would be associated with increased risk.
methodsProspective cohort analysis of 124,379 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). We determined age of menarche and final menstrual period, and history of irregular menses from questionnaires at baseline, and calculated reproductive length from age of menarche and final menstrual period. Presence of new onset type 2 diabetes was from self-report. Using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, we assessed associations between reproductive variables and incidence of type 2 diabetes.
resultsIn age-adjusted models, women with the shortest (<30 y) reproductive periods had a 37% (95% CI, 30-45) greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than women with medium-length reproductive periods (36-40 y). Women with the longest (45+ y) reproductive periods had a 23% (95% CI, 12-37) higher risk than women with medium-length periods. These associations were attenuated after full adjustment (HR 1.07 [1.01, 1.14] for shortest and HR 1.09 [0.99, 1.22] for longest, compared with medium duration). Those with a final menstrual period before age 45 and after age 55 had an increased risk of diabetes (HR 1.04; 95% CI, 0.99-1.09 and HR 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.14, respectively) compared to those with age of final menstrual period between 46 and 55 years. Timing of menarche and cycle regularity was not associated with risk after full adjustment.
conclusionsReproductive history may be associated with type 2 diabetes risk. Women with shorter and longer reproductive periods may benefit from lifestyle counseling to prevent type 2 diabetes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.