Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28397016›Full record

SynthesisEuropean journal of epidemiology2017

Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Lukas Schwingshackl, Georg Hoffmann, Anna-Maria Lampousi, Sven Knüppel, Khalid Iqbal, Carolina Schwedhelm, Angela Bechthold, Sabrina Schlesinger, Heiner Boeing

Registry-linked trialOpen access · hybridAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in European journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05628649 (Teaching Kitchen Multisite Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 414 papers, 23 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
414citing papers in PubMed, 23 pooled it
55.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05628649 naactive not recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Teaching Kitchen Multisite Trial (TK-MT)

TypeinterventionalSponsorHarvard School of Public Health (HSPH)Ran2023 to 2026Enrolled320ConditionsObesityArmsTeaching Kitchen Collaborative Curriculum
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

414 citing papers in PubMed, 23 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 782 citations in OpenAlex.

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  2. Sustainable dietary recommendations for the Spanish population.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026
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354 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Lukas SchwingshacklGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany. lukas.schwingshackl@dife.de.
Georg HoffmannDepartment of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, UZA II, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
Anna-Maria LampousiGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
Sven KnüppelGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
Khalid IqbalGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
Carolina SchwedhelmGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
Angela BechtholdGerman Nutrition Society, Godesberger Allee 18, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
Sabrina SchlesingerDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Heiner BoeingGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
German Institute of Human Nutrition · DEImperial College London · GBUniversity of Vienna · AT

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the knowledge about the relation between intake of 12 major food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Medline (Ovid), Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar for prospective studies investigating the association between whole grains, refined grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, eggs, dairy, fish, red meat, processed meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) on risk of T2D. Summary relative risks were estimated using a random effects model by contrasting categories, and for linear and non-linear dose-response relationships. Six out of the 12 food-groups showed a significant relation with risk of T2D, three of them a decrease of risk with increasing consumption (whole grains, fruits, and dairy), and three an increase of risk with increasing consumption (red meat, processed meat, and SSB) in the linear dose-response meta-analysis. There was evidence of a non-linear relationship between fruits, vegetables, processed meat, whole grains, and SSB and T2D risk. Optimal consumption of risk-decreasing foods resulted in a 42% reduction, and consumption of risk-increasing foods was associated with a threefold T2D risk, compared to non-consumption. The meta-evidence was graded "low" for legumes and nuts; "moderate" for refined grains, vegetables, fruit, eggs, dairy, and fish; and "high" for processed meat, red meat, whole grains, and SSB. Among the investigated food groups, selecting specific optimal intakes can lead to a considerable change in risk of T2D.

Indexed as

DietFeeding BehaviorDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2EatingFoodFruitHumansMeatNutsProspective StudiesRisk FactorsRisk Reduction BehaviorVegetablesWhole GrainsDietDose–responseFoodMeta-analysisType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID28397016
PMCPMC5506108
OpenAlexW2606247503

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.