ReviewPhytotherapy research : PTR2017
Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanistic Studies Regarding Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and p-Synephrine.
Review in Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Safety and Efficacy ofNutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Effect ofNutrients · 2022Trial
- Acute p-synephrine ingestion increases whole-body fat oxidation during 1-h of cycling at Fatmax.European journal of nutrition · 2020Trial
- Time-Resolved Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Seeded and Seedless Ougan at Commercial Harvest Maturity.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal aroma diversity and its regulatory networks in aromatic acidic citrus.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Citrus Flavonoids for Cystic Fibrosis Treatment.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2025Review
- Article
- Unlocking the Sublime: A Review of Native AustralianFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Citrus Flavonoids as Antimicrobials.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2025Review
- A Review on Innovative Biotechnological Approaches for the Upcycling of Citrus Fruit Waste to Obtain Value-Added BioproductsFood technology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Roles of citrus fruits on energy expenditure, body weight management, and metabolic biomarkers: a comprehensive review.Nutrition reviews · 2024Review
- Synthesis and Anti-Cancer Activity of the Novel Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists of the Phenylethanolamine Series.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Application of Synephrine to Grape Increases Anthocyanin via Production of Hydrogen Peroxide, Not Phytohormones.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Non-invasive assessment of proarrhythmic risks associated with isoprenaline and the dietary supplement ingredient synephrine using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- Synephrine and Its Derivative Compound A: Common and Specific Biological Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Biological Activities ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Review of Case Reports on Adverse Events Related to Pre-workout Supplements Containing Synephrine.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2023Review
- Submerged fermentation withHeliyon · 2022Article
- Effects of bioflavonoid-containing mouth rinses on optical properties of tooth-coloured dental restorative materials.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Dietary supplements for lipedema.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Citrus aurantium L. (bitter orange) extracts that contain p-synephrine as the primary protoalkaloid are widely used for weight loss/weight management, sports performance, appetite control, energy, and mental focus and cognition. Questions have been raised about the safety of p-synephrine because it has some structural similarity to ephedrine. This review focuses on current human, animal, in vitro, and mechanistic studies that address the safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of bitter orange extracts and p-synephrine. Numerous studies have been conducted with respect to p-synephrine and bitter orange extract because ephedra and ephedrine were banned from use in dietary supplements in 2004. Approximately 30 human studies indicate that p-synephrine and bitter orange extracts do not result in cardiovascular effects and do not act as stimulants at commonly used doses. Mechanistic studies suggest that p-synephrine exerts its effects through multiple actions, which are discussed. Because p-synephrine exhibits greater adrenergic receptor binding in rodents than humans, data from animals cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. This review, as well as several other assessments published in recent years, has concluded that bitter orange extract and p-synephrine are safe for use in dietary supplements and foods at the commonly used doses. Copyright © 2017 The Authors Phytotherapy Research Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.