Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28855098›Full record

ReviewBio Systems2018

The bioelectric code: An ancient computational medium for dynamic control of growth and form.

Michael Levin, Christopher J Martyniuk

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Bio Systems, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
82citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

82 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Modulation of Proteinoid Electrical Spiking Activity with Magnetic Nanoparticles.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2025
    Article
  9. The Science of Tai Chi andJournal of integrative and complementary medicine · 2025
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. The Multiscale Wisdom of the Body: Collective Intelligence as a Tractable Interface for Next-Generation Biomedicine.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2025
    Review
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review

22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Michael LevinAllen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Biology Department, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600 Medford, MA 02155, USA. Electronic address: michael.levin@tufts.edu.
Christopher J MartyniukDepartment of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.

Funding

Electrotherapeutic strategies for connective tissue repairR01AR061988 · NIAMS · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI HUNG, CLARK T., KAPLAN, DAVID L. · 2011 to 2015
$3.3M
Tissue Regeneration by Biophysical SignalingR01AR055993 · NIAMS · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI KAPLAN, DAVID L., LEVIN, MICHAEL · 2010 to 2018
$3.2M
Biophysical controls of vertebrate organ regenerationR01GM078484 · NIGMS · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI LEVIN, MICHAEL · 2008 to 2011
$1.2M
NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR055993NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR061988NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM078484
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

What determines large-scale anatomy? DNA does not directly specify geometrical arrangements of tissues and organs, and a process of encoding and decoding for morphogenesis is required. Moreover, many species can regenerate and remodel their structure despite drastic injury. The ability to obtain the correct target morphology from a diversity of initial conditions reveals that the morphogenetic code implements a rich system of pattern-homeostatic processes. Here, we describe an important mechanism by which cellular networks implement pattern regulation and plasticity: bioelectricity. All cells, not only nerves and muscles, produce and sense electrical signals; in vivo, these processes form bioelectric circuits that harness individual cell behaviors toward specific anatomical endpoints. We review emerging progress in reading and re-writing anatomical information encoded in bioelectrical states, and discuss the approaches to this problem from the perspectives of information theory, dynamical systems, and computational neuroscience. Cracking the bioelectric code will enable much-improved control over biological patterning, advancing basic evolutionary developmental biology as well as enabling numerous applications in regenerative medicine and synthetic bioengineering.

Indexed as

AnimalsBioelectric Energy SourcesBody PatterningElectrophysiological PhenomenaEmbryonic DevelopmentHumansMorphogenesisRegenerationBayesian inferenceBioelectricityDynamical system theoryEmbryogenesisIon channelsMorphogenesisPatterningPrimitive cognitionRegeneration

Identifiers

PMID28855098
PMCPMC10464596

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.