ArticleJournal of affective disorders2018
Parsing the heterogeneity of depression: An exploratory factor analysis across commonly used depression rating scales.
Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Physiological responses to acute psychological stress as a biomarker for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological bulletinPooled it
- Functional changes in sleep-related arousal after ketamine administration in individuals with treatment-resistant depression.Translational psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Exploring Predictors of Ketamine Response in Adolescent Treatment-Resistant Depression.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Personality change in a trial of psilocybin therapy v. escitalopram treatment for depression.Psychological medicine · 2024Trial
- Magnetoencephalography biomarkers of suicide attempt history and antidepressant response to ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Trial
- Ketamine modulates fronto-striatal circuitry in depressed and healthy individuals.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Trial
- Magnetoencephalographic Correlates of Suicidal Ideation in Major Depression.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2020Trial
- Disentangling the association of depression on the anti-fatigue effects of ketamine.Journal of affective disorders · 2019Trial
- Targeting the dopaminergic midbrain with precision 7-Tesla biofeedback training in depression: A proof-of-principle randomized controlled trial.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Real-world evidence of SAINT® effectiveness in a heterogenous clinical population with psychiatric and medical comorbidities: A multicenter, open-label, community-based study.Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · 2026Article
- Parsing the heterogeneity of depression: a data-driven subgroup derived from cognitive function.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Breakthroughs and challenges for generating brain network-based biomarkers of treatment response in depression.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Review
- Mitochondrial Metabolism in Major Depressive Disorder: From Early Diagnosis to Emerging Treatment Options.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Clinical and electrophysiological correlates of hopelessness in the context of suicide riskEuropean neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Investigation of factors regarding the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on college students' depression by quantum annealer.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Patterns of demoralization and anhedonia during early substance use disorder treatment and associations with treatment attrition.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Article
- A critical evaluation of QIDS-SR-16 using data from a trial of psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram treatment for depression.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- The genetic basis of major depressive disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Review
- Investigating genetic variants for treatment response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in syndromal factors and side effects among patients with depression in Taiwanese Han population.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2023Article
- Inflammation, stress and depression: An exploration of ketamine's therapeutic profile.Drug discovery today · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDue to the heterogeneity of depressive symptoms-which can include depressed mood, anhedonia, negative cognitive biases, and altered activity levels-researchers often use a combination of depression rating scales to assess symptoms. This study sought to identify unidimensional constructs measured across rating scales for depression and to evaluate these constructs across clinical trials of a rapid-acting antidepressant (ketamine).
methodsExploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on baseline ratings from the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Rating Scale (SHAPS). Inpatients with major depressive disorder (n = 76) or bipolar depression (n = 43) were participating in clinical ketamine trials. The trajectories of the resulting unidimensional scores were evaluated in 41 subjects with bipolar depression who participated in clinical ketamine trials.
resultsThe best solution, which exhibited excellent fit to the data, comprised eight factors: Depressed Mood, Tension, Negative Cognition, Impaired Sleep, Suicidal Thoughts, Reduced Appetite, Anhedonia, and Amotivation. Various response patterns were observed across the clinical trial data, both in treatment effect (ketamine versus placebo) and in degree of placebo response, suggesting that use of these unidimensional constructs may reveal patterns not observed with traditional scoring of individual instruments. LIMITATIONS: Limitations include: 1) small sample (and related inability to confirm measurement invariance); 2) absence of an independent sample for confirmation of factor structure; and 3) the treatment-resistant nature of the population, which may limit generalizability.
conclusionsThe empirical identification of unidimensional constructs creates more refined scores that may elucidate the connection between specific symptoms and underlying pathophysiology.
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Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.