SynthesisCancer medicine2018
Pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Cancer medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 143 citations in OpenAlex.
- Management of classic lichen planopilaris: The EADV task force on hair diseases position statement.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2026Guideline
- Bladder cancer risk factors: a comprehensive umbrella review of meta-analyses.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Tirzepatide and Cancer Risk in Individuals with and without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2025 · on this mapPooled it
- Clinical implications of fracture severity risk with pioglitazone: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical randomized trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Response to pioglitazone in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients withFrontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- The Effect of Metformin on Bladder Cancer Incidence and Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Bladder cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Pooled it
- Pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Cancer medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Effect of switching from pioglitazone to the sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on body weight and metabolism-related factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An open-label, prospective, randomized, parallel-group comparison trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2019Trial
- Heart Failure After Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack in Insulin-Resistant Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus Treated With Pioglitazone.Circulation · 2018Trial
- The Insulin-Urothelial Axis: Evaluating Insulin Resistance as a Convergent Driver of Bladder Cancer Across Diverse Risk Factor Profiles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Pioglitazone Attenuates Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury by Modulating TLR-4/NF-κB Signaling and Improving Survival and Renal Function.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Urine-Based cfDNA Ensemble Modeling for Early Detection of Bladder Cancer Using Whole-Genome Methylation Sequencing.Cancers · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle-Mediated PPAR Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in Radiation Enteritis: A Narrative Review.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- GC-MS metabolomic profiling and PPARγ-targetedFrontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Synthetic Flozins in Cancer Prevention and Combination Strategies: Structural Insights and Therapeutic Potential.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Type 2 diabetes in patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery: areas requiring disease-specific glycemic management.Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association · 2025Review
- Diabetes and NAFLD: A Synergistic Threat to Metabolic Health.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2025Review
- Safety of Alopecia Treatments in Patients with Breast Cancer and High-Risk Women: A Review.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2025Review
- Improvement of Liver Fibrosis in Patients with MASLD Undergoing Pioglitazone Treatment: An Update.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Review
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Current evidence about the association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk remains conflict. We aimed to assess the risk of bladder cancer associated with the use of pioglitazone and identify modifiers that affect the results. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to 25 August 2016 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that evaluated the association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk. Conventional and cumulative meta-analyses were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). A restricted spline regression analysis was used to examine the dose-response relationship with a generalized least-squares trend test. We included two RCTs involving 9114 patients and 20 observational studies (n = 4,846,088 individuals). An increased risk of bladder cancer in patients treated with pioglitazone versus placebo was noted from RCTs (OR, 1.84; 95%CI, 0.99 to 3.42). In observational studies, the increased risk of bladder cancer was slight but significant among ever-users of pioglitazone versus never-users (OR, 1.13; 95%CI, 1.03 to 1.25), which appeared to be both time- (P = 0.003) and dose-dependent (P = 0.05). In addition, we observed the association differed by region of studies (Europe, United States, or Asia) or source of funding (sponsored by industry or not). Current evidence suggests that pioglitazone may increase the risk of bladder cancer, possibly in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Patients with long-term and high-dose exposure to pioglitazone should be monitored regularly for signs of bladder cancer.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.