ArticleThe lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology2018
Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables.
Article in The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 6 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,090 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists According to Type 2 Diabetes Subtypes: an Italian Monocentric Retrospective Study
Open the trial in the graphTwenty-year Follow-up of the Inter99 Cohort
Classification of Adult-onset Diabetes in Five Subgroups in Pakistani Population
Predictive Cardio-Metabolic Trascrictomics Trajectories In The Barilla Offspring Follow-Up STUDY: The PREDICT-OMICS Study.
CGM Boosted by Artificial Intelligence for Better Glycaemic Control in T2 Diabetes: a Real-life Multicentre Observational Study in Belgium.
Caracterización de Subgrupos de Personas Con Diabetes Tipo 1: análisis de características clínicas y glucométricas Utilizando Una aproximación de Inteligencia Artificial
Who cites it
1,090 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 2,205 citations in OpenAlex.
- Accuracy of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies for the identification of adult-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical and laboratory characteristics of novel diabetes subgroups: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Data-driven cluster analysis of adults with prediabetes: Findings from the Japan diabetes prevention study.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Trial
- Inhibition of IL-33 in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2b Trial.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2026Trial
- Importance of targeting post-prandial hyperglycaemia to achieve HbA1c goals in insulin glargine-treated subphenotypes of type 2 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- The triglyceride-glucose index modulates the association between diabetes duration and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: a large cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Trial
- Prediabetes Subgroups, Type 2 Diabetes Risk, and Differential Effects of Preventive Interventions.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025 · on this mapTrial
- Gut microbiome predicts personalized responses to dietary fiber in prediabetes: a randomized, open-label trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Body Composition Differentiates Prediabetes Phenotype Clusters in the Diabetes Prevention Program Study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Trial
- Differential effects of lifestyle interventions on continuous glucose monitoring metrics in persons with type 2 diabetes: Potential for personalised treatment.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Trial
- Gut microbiome in type 2 diabetes: insights from metagenomics, multi-omics, and diet-microbe interactions.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections and subsequent type 2 diabetes diagnosis in women: a national cohort study including primary healthcare data.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2026Article
- Data-driven subclassification of type 2 diabetes in Mexico: a conceptual framework to improve diabetes care.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Review
- Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Obesity and Short-Term Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Transitions: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Subgroups of Adult-Onset Diabetes: A Prospective Follow-Up Study of Progression of Insulin Resistance and Deficiency and Association With Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- AI-based multimodal integration of genomics and electronic health records.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Screening and diagnosis of liver disease in diabetes: a guide and evidence-based assessment.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Incidence and independent risk factors for heart failure in a population-based cohort of 19,892 individuals with newly diagnosed diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- A foundation model for sleep-based risk stratification and clinical outcomes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Body Mass Index and All-Cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Adults Aged 16-50 Years With and Without Type 2 Diabetes: An Analysis of Primary Care Records in England.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
1,030 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDiabetes is presently classified into two main forms, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but type 2 diabetes in particular is highly heterogeneous. A refined classification could provide a powerful tool to individualise treatment regimens and identify individuals with increased risk of complications at diagnosis.
methodsWe did data-driven cluster analysis (k-means and hierarchical clustering) in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes (n=8980) from the Swedish All New Diabetics in Scania cohort. Clusters were based on six variables (glutamate decarboxylase antibodies, age at diagnosis, BMI, HbA
findingsWe identified five replicable clusters of patients with diabetes, which had significantly different patient characteristics and risk of diabetic complications. In particular, individuals in cluster 3 (most resistant to insulin) had significantly higher risk of diabetic kidney disease than individuals in clusters 4 and 5, but had been prescribed similar diabetes treatment. Cluster 2 (insulin deficient) had the highest risk of retinopathy. In support of the clustering, genetic associations in the clusters differed from those seen in traditional type 2 diabetes.
interpretationWe stratified patients into five subgroups with differing disease progression and risk of diabetic complications. This new substratification might eventually help to tailor and target early treatment to patients who would benefit most, thereby representing a first step towards precision medicine in diabetes.
fundingSwedish Research Council, European Research Council, Vinnova, Academy of Finland, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Scania University Hospital, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking, Vasa Hospital district, Jakobstadsnejden Heart Foundation, Folkhälsan Research Foundation, Ollqvist Foundation, and Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.