ReviewCellular & molecular immunology2018
The microbiome and autoimmunity: a paradigm from the gut-liver axis.
Review in Cellular & molecular immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 230 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut dysbiosis in rheumatic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 92 observational studies.EBioMedicine · 2022Pooled it
- Hepatic control of immunometabolism: implications for the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Review
- Phage therapy targeting DNA-encapsulated membrane vesicle-producing intestinal symbiotic Klebsiella pneumoniae ameliorates autoimmune disease.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Intestinal obstruction impairs the antitumor function of hepatic natural killer cells against colorectal cancer.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Article
- The crosstalk between iron metabolism and immune tolerance in autoimmunity.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- The Prognostic Impact of Enteropathy and Liver Disease in Common Variable Immunodeficiency: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Intratumoral microbiome: the double-edged sword in remodeling cancer immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- An interdisciplinary scoping review of the emerging impact of periocular skincare products on the ocular surface microbiome and tear film stability.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Mapping research hotspots and trends in gut microbiota and autoimmune diseases since the 21st century: a bibliometric visualization analysis based on two databases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- MCSPACE: inferring microbiome spatiotemporal dynamics from high-throughput co-localization data.Microbiome · 2025Article
- Engineered probiotic restores GLP-1 signaling to ameliorate fiber-deficiency exacerbated colitis.Science advances · 2025Article
- Gut-Liver Axis, Microbiota, Bile Acids, and Immune Response in Pathogenesis of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: An Overview.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Antibiotics for Rheumatologic Diseases: A Critical Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Comprehensive characterisation of age-related changes in cell subpopulations and tissue structural properties in secondary lymphoid organs.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- The Integrated Cellular and Molecular Landscape of Autoimmunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Effects of Diets with Different Energy Levels at Cold Temperatures on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic State in Growing-Finishing Pigs.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- An association between antibiotic usage during pregnancy and the subsequent development of autoimmune hepatitis.Canadian liver journal · 2025Article
- Elucidating the critical role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia: insights from a Mendelian randomization analysis mediated by immune cell.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Intestinal mucosal immunity and type 1 diabetes: Non-negligible communication between gut and pancreas.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microbial cells significantly outnumber human cells in the body, and the microbial flora at mucosal sites are shaped by environmental factors and, less intuitively, act on host immune responses, as demonstrated by experimental data in germ-free and gnotobiotic studies. Our understanding of this link stems from the established connection between infectious bacteria and immune tolerance breakdown, as observed in rheumatic fever triggered by Streptococci via molecular mimicry, epitope spread and bystander effects. The availability of high-throughput techniques has significantly advanced our capacity to sequence the microbiome and demonstrated variable degrees of dysbiosis in numerous autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and autoimmune liver disease. It remains unknown whether the observed differences are related to the disease pathogenesis or follow the therapeutic and inflammatory changes and are thus mere epiphenomena. In fact, there are only limited data on the molecular mechanisms linking the microbiota to autoimmunity, and microbial therapeutics is being investigated to prevent or halt autoimmune diseases. As a putative mechanism, it is of particular interest that the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in response to microbial stimuli enables the presentation of self-antigens, giving rise to the differentiation of autoreactive Th17 cells and other T helper cells. This comprehensive review will illustrate the data demonstrating the crosstalk between intestinal microbiome and host innate and adaptive immunity, with an emphasis on how dysbiosis may influence systemic autoimmunity. In particular, a gut-liver axis involving the intestinal microbiome and hepatic autoimmunity is elucidated as a paradigm, considering its anatomic and physiological connections.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.