SynthesisDrug design, development and therapy2018
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Drug design, development and therapy, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses evaluating positive and negative outcomes of Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine therapy.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2021Pooled it
- A systematic review on use of aminoquinolines for the therapeutic management of COVID-19: Efficacy, safety and clinical trials.Life sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries.Diabetes & metabolic syndromePooled it
- The efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in patients with chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy: a multicenter randomized study (HYPIC trial).BMC medicine · 2025Trial
- An open-label phase I comparator-controlled clinical trial to assess tolerability and pharmacokinetics of IHL-675 A a fixed dose combination of cannabidiol plus hydroxychloroquine in healthy volunteers.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the cardiac ventricular repolarization: A randomized clinical trial.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Trial
- [Consensus statement of the Austrian Society for Rheumatology and Rehabilitation on the management of increased cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and spondyloarthritis].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Article
- A novel approach to cardiovascular events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: risk factor assessment and treatment analysis.Rheumatology international · 2025Review
- Interferon Upregulation Associates with Insulin Resistance in Humans.Current diabetes reviews · 2025Review
- Systemic lupus erythematosus and atherosclerosis: immune pathways and the uncharted territory of gut microbiota and metabolism.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Vascular damage in systemic lupus erythematosus.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2024Review
- Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with reduced mortality risk in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis.Clinical rheumatology · 2024Article
- Elderly-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis: Characteristics and Treatment Options.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- Efficacy and safety of in-hospital treatment of Covid-19 infection with low-dose hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in hospitalized patients: A retrospective controlled cohort study.New microbes and new infections · 2023Article
- Association of Hydroxychloroquine Dose With Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Arthritis care & research · 2023Article
- The Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2023Article
- Article
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus May Be a Risk Factor for Antimalarial-Induced Retinopathy Compared With Other Rheumatologic Diseases.ACR open rheumatology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsChloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are widely used in patients with rheumatic diseases, but their effects on the cardiovascular system remain unclear. We aimed to assess whether CQ/HCQ could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). MATERIALS AND
methodsWe searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Embase, and the ClinicalTrials.gov for studies investigating the association between CQ/HCQ and the risk of CVD from inception to 20 December 2017. We carried out the quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Random-effects model was used to pool the risk estimates relative ratio (RR), hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the outcomes.
resultsA total of 19 studies (7 case-control studies, 12 cohort studies, and no clinical trials) involving 19,679 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled results for HRs or RRs showed that CQ/HCQ was associated with a significantly reduced risk of CVD (pooled RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56-0.94,
conclusionOur results suggested that CQ/HCQ was associated with a reduced risk of CVD in patients with rheumatic diseases. Randomized trials are needed to confirm the potential of CQ/HCQ in cardiovascular prevention in patients with and without rheumatic diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.