ReviewFrontiers in neurology2018
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Professional American Football Players: Where Are We Now?
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Traumatic Brain Injury to Alzheimer's Disease: Multilevel Biomechanical, Neurovascular, and Molecular Mechanisms with Emerging Therapeutic Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Neurobiology and Impact of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: A Focused Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Sulcal morphology in former American football players.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Repetitive Head Injury and Cognitive, Physical, and Emotional Symptoms in Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence.Journal of neurotrauma · 2024Article
- Relationship Between Level of American Football Playing and Diagnosis of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a Selection Bias Analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Non-Targeted Metabolomics Approach Revealed Significant Changes in Metabolic Pathways in Patients with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Imaging of neuroinflammation due to repetitive head injury in currently active kickboxers.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2022Article
- National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Reducing Intentional Head-First Contact Behavior in American Football Players.Journal of athletic training · 2022Article
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Diagnostic updates and advances.AIMS neuroscience · 2022Review
- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Update on Current Clinical Diagnosis and Management.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Assessing Clinical Change in Individuals Exposed to Repetitive Head Impacts: The Repetitive Head Impact Composite Index.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Clinical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2020Review
- Association of Professional Football Cumulative Head Impact Index Scores With All-Cause Mortality Among National Football League Players.JAMA network open · 2020Article
- Association of MOS-Based Blast Exposure With Medical Outcomes.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Article
- Traumatic brain injury: neuropathological, neurocognitive and neurobehavioral sequelae.Pituitary · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Repetitive head trauma provides a favorable milieu for the onset of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. The result of long-lasting head trauma is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a disease process well-recognized in boxers, military personnel, and more recently, in American football players. CTE is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with hallmarks of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) aggregates and intercellular lesions of neurofibrillary tangles. The criteria for CTE diagnosis requires at least 1-2 focal perivascular lesions of p-tau in the cerebral cortex, at the depth of the sulci. These pathognomonic lesions aggregate within neurons and glial cells such as astrocytes, and cell processes within the vicinity of small blood vessels. CTE presents in a distinct topographical distribution pattern compared to other tauopathies such as AD and other age-related astrogliopathies. CTE also has an insidious onset, years after repetitive head trauma. The disease course of CTE is characterized by cognitive dysfunction, behavioral changes, and can progress to altered motor function with parkinsonian-like manifestations in later stages. This short review aims to summarize CTE in professional football, epidemiology, diagnosis based on neuroanatomical abnormalities, cognitive degeneration, and adverse mental health effects, as well as gaps in the literature and future directions in diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventive measures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.