ArticleDiabetes care2018
Incretin-Based Therapies and Diabetic Retinopathy: Real-World Evidence in Older U.S. Adults.
Article in Diabetes care, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ocular disorders during treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Association of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and diabetic retinopathy (DR) - a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world studies.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Comprehensive Factors for Predicting the Complications of DiabetesMellitus: A Systematic Review.Current diabetes reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Associations of antidiabetic drugs with diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes: an umbrella review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Semaglutide and Diabetic Retinopathy Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clinical drug investigation · 2022 · on this mapPooled it
- Semaglutide and diabetic retinopathy: an OHDSI network study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025 · on this mapObservational
- Association of long-term use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors with the risk of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a real-world evidence study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Incretin-based therapy: a new horizon in diabetes management.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2024Review
- Health Care Utilization and Costs Associated With Empagliflozin in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2024Article
- Effects of newer-generation anti-diabetics on diabetic retinopathy: a critical review.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Review
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Risk of Retinopathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Will GLP-1 Analogues and SGLT-2 Inhibitors Become New Game Changers for Diabetic Retinopathy?Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use in People Living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review of the Key Evidence with Practical Considerations.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2022Review
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists - Potential Game Changers in the Treatment of Glaucoma?Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Article
- Association between Add-On Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Therapy and Diabetic Retinopathy Progression.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- The Safety of Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Diabetes in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy-A Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- What Next After Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes? Selecting the Right Drug for the Right Patient.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2020Article
- Methodological considerations when analysing and interpreting real-world data.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveRecent large trials yield conflicting results on the association between incretin-based therapies (IBTs) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). We examined whether IBTs increase DR risk compared with other antihyperglycemics. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe implemented an active comparator, new-user cohort design using a nationwide 20% random sample of fee-for-service U.S. Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older with Parts A, B, and D coverage between 2007 and 2015. We identified the following cohorts without prior treatment for retinopathy: dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i) versus sulfonylureas (SU), DPP4i versus thiazolidinediones (TZD), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA) versus long-acting insulin (LAI), and GLP1RA versus TZD. Primary outcome was advanced diabetic retinopathy requiring treatment (ADRRT), defined as a procedure code for retinopathy treatment. Incident diabetic retinopathy (IDR), identified by a diagnosis code, was a secondary outcome. We estimated propensity scores to balance confounders and adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) using weighted Cox proportional hazards models.
resultsWe identified 213,652 eligible patients. During a median duration of 0.58 to 0.87 years across comparisons, with a rate from 6.0 to 12.8 per 1,000 person-years, IBTs were not associated with increased ADRRT or IDR risk. The adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for ADRRT were 0.91 (0.79-1.04) by comparing DPP4i to SU (
conclusionsOur population-based cohort study of older U.S. adults with diabetes suggests that IBTs used for approximately 1 year do not increase the DR risk.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.