ReviewNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2019
Sex differences and the neurobiology of affective disorders.
Review in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 153 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
153 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 273 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of two variable number of tandem repeats in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter with suicide completion: The present study and meta-analysis.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2023Pooled it
- How Suppressed Anger Can Become an Illness: A Qualitative Systematic Review of the Experiences and Perspectives of Hwabyung Patients in Korea.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Brain-based sex differences in autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan: A systematic review of structural MRI, fMRI, and DTI findings.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2021Pooled it
- Women Undergoing Hormonal Treatments for Infertility: A Systematic Review on Psychopathology and Newly Diagnosed Mood and Psychotic Disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Association Between Smoking and Premenstrual Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- New Pharmacological Approaches to the Management of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.CNS drugs · 2023Trial
- A randomized, controlled trial of ZYN002 cannabidiol transdermal gel in children and adolescents with fragile X syndrome (CONNECT-FX).Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2022Trial
- Reduced task-switching flexibility in parietal-cingulate and frontal circuits associated with brooding.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2026Article
- The monocyte-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (MHR) modifies the association between dietary patterns and depression: a sex-specific analysis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Individual differences reveal distinct age and pubertal contributions to the refinement of the functional cortical hierarchy during adolescence.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Understanding Depression in Women Across the Lifespan: Hormonal Insights From Brain Imaging.Brain and behavior · 2026Review
- A Novel Polygenic Risk Score Indexing Somatostatin-Expressing Inhibitory Neurons Predicts Somatostatin-Expressing Cell Proportions and Severity of Symptoms in Late-Life Depression.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Affective Sensitivity to Ovarian Steroid Hormone Flux Across the Menstrual Cycle: Manifestations and Biopsychosocial Risk Factors.Annual review of clinical psychology · 2026Review
- Review
- Divergent behavioral strategies in Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto rats in a naturalistic task reveal mood disorder phenotypes.iScience · 2026Article
- Article
- Peripartum Depression as a Heart-Brain-Endocrine-Immune Syndrome: Neuroendocrine, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Pathways Underlying Maternal Vulnerability.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A chromosome region linked to neurodevelopmental disorders influences locomotor behavior through sex-specific neural circuits.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Women's mental health: current status and evolutionary perspectives.Evolutionary human sciences · 2026Review
- Molecular Signatures of Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia: Transcriptomic and Machine-Learning Insights into Calcium and cAMP Signaling, Including Sex-Specific Patterns.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
93 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Observations of the disproportionate incidence of depression in women compared with men have long preceded the recent explosion of interest in sex differences. Nonetheless, the source and implications of this epidemiologic sex difference remain unclear, as does the practical significance of the multitude of sex differences that have been reported in brain structure and function. In this article, we attempt to provide a framework for thinking about how sex and reproductive hormones (particularly estradiol as an example) might contribute to affective illness. After briefly reviewing some observed sex differences in depression, we discuss how sex might alter brain function through hormonal effects (both organizational (programmed) and activational (acute)), sex chromosome effects, and the interaction of sex with the environment. We next review sex differences in the brain at the structural, cellular, and network levels. We then focus on how sex and reproductive hormones regulate systems implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, including neuroplasticity, genetic and neural networks, the stress axis, and immune function. Finally, we suggest several models that might explain a sex-dependent differential regulation of affect and susceptibility to affective illness. As a disclaimer, the studies cited in this review are not intended to be comprehensive but rather serve as examples of the multitude of levels at which sex and reproductive hormones regulate brain structure and function. As such and despite our current ignorance regarding both the ontogeny of affective illness and the impact of sex on that ontogeny, sex differences may provide a lens through which we may better view the mechanisms underlying affective regulation and dysfunction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.